Use of different plastics for soil solarization in strawberry growth and time–temperature relationships for the control of <Emphasis Type=\"Italic\">Macrophomina phaseolina</Emphasis> and weeds

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil solarization on soilborne diseases, weeds and plant yields by using polyethylene film (30-μm-thick) containing different additives [ultraviolet (UV), ultraviolet + infrared (UV + IR), ultraviolet + infrared + anti-fog + anti-dust (UV + IR + AF + AD)], and used polyethylene film (260-μm-thick). Trials were conducted in commercial strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. ‘Camarosa’) fields in the town of Sultanhisar in Aydin province, Turkey, between 2007 and 2009. The highest soil temperatures at the depth of 10 cm under a polyethylene sheet containing UV + IR + AF + AD were 54°C in 2007 and 50.7°C in 2008. During the 2007 growing season, collapse and death of strawberry plants were not detected. At the end of the 2008 season (May–June), collapsed and dying strawberry plants were observed. Pure cultures of Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from affected roots and crowns of plants. Viability studies of M. phaseolina were conducted under various field conditions and temperatures and M. phaseolina sclerotia survived more than 18 days at 45°C. There was a sharp decline in M. phaseolina at 50°C, where it survived for 19 h but was completely killed at 20 h. It first lost viability after 17 h at 50°C and after 60 min at 55°C. In the field, solarization did not reduce the viability of M. phaseolina at a soil depth of 10 or 20 cm; however, a significant reduction (66%) in survival was determined at a soil depth of 5 cm. All treatments controlled Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus spp., Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Veronica hederifolia, Raphanus raphanistrum, Setaria verticillata and Mercurialis annua at a rate of 100%, but no treatment was effective on Cyperus rotundus. The marketable fruit yield was 38,004 kg.ha⁻¹ for UV + IR, 35,834 kg.ha⁻¹ for UV-added polyethylene film and 35,368 kg.ha⁻¹ for used polyethylene sheet-covered plots, whereas it was 27,365 kg.ha⁻¹ for untreated control plots.     

RAPD分子标记在蜜蜂遗传育种中的应用

RAPD分子标记在蜜蜂遗传育种中得到较广泛应用 .利用 RAPD分子遗传标记 ,估测蜜蜂性别决定位点 (x)与低幼虫存活率位点的标记序列位置 (STS)之间的遗传距离为 1 .6c M;构建了蜜蜂 (Apismellifera)遗传连锁图 ,确定了蜜蜂性基因位点 (x)、黑色体色基因位点 (blk)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (Mdh-1 )位点分别位于第 3、6、1 8个连锁群 ;确定了影响蜜蜂采粉、报警信息素水平、螫刺行为和体长等数量性状的基因座位 ;筛选出 5种引物 ,这些引物所扩增的 RAPD标记可作为鉴别欧洲蜜蜂和非洲蜜蜂 (A. mellifera L.)的分子标记 .蜜蜂高产性状 RAPD标记的研究已取得一定进展     

Foliar resorption in Quercus petraea subsp. iberica and Arbutus andrachne along an elevational gradient

? The resorption of nutrients (mainly N and P) from senescing leaves may be a key component of adaptive mechanisms that conserve scarce nutrients. Resorption may be expressed in two ways as resorption efficiency (RE) which is the ratio of the resorbed amounts of nutrient losses during leaf senescence in relation to its prior amount deposited in leaves and resorption proficiency (RP) is the level to which nutrient concentration per unit leaf mass is reduced in senescent leaves.

? There is still much debate whether or not different life-forms (i.e. deciduous and evergreen species) show different foliar resorption patterns. Two sympatric species, namely Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. subsp. iberica (Steven ex Bieb.) Krassiln. (deciduous) and Arbutus andrachne L. (evergreen) along an elevational gradient were compared with each other to determine whether or not nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency varies along the elevational gradient and which leaf parameters were as related to RE and RP.

? NRE was found to be rather low in Q. petraea subsp. iberica compared to other deciduous species. Similarly, PRE in A. andrachne was rather low compared to other evergreen species. Mean residence time (MRT) measures how long a unit of nitrogen (MRT_N) and phosphorus (MRT_P) is present in the plant. MRT_N and MRT_P were found to be considerably higher in A. andrachne compared to Q. petraea subsp. iberica. In both species, the foliar N/P ratio was below 14 along the elevational gradient and, according to this threshold value, N-limitation occurred in the study area. Although both species in the present study show incomplete resorption deciduous species was more proficient as compared to evergreen one due to low N and P concentrations in senescent leaves. Based on the significant correlations (p < 0.05 and 0.01) between MRT and foliar resorption, it can be concluded that MRT could interfere with the mechanisms controlling nutrient resorption.

     

Resistance sources and reactions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars in Turkey to anthracnose disease

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the major diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze common bean cultivars in Turkey for Co resistance genes using different molecular markers (SC08, SBB14, OPAZ04, SF10, OPF10, OPA18, SB12, TGA1, SAB3, SCAreoli, SZ04, and OPV20) linked with anthracnose resistance genes and evaluate the reaction of these cultivars to the pathogen isolates. The results showed the presence of Co-1, Co-1⁴, Co-1⁵, Co-2, Co-4, Co-4², Co-6, Co-10, Co-11, and Co-13 resistance genes, alone or combination except for Co-3³ and Co-5, in common bean cultivars. These cultivars carried predominantly Co-6 and Co-4 genes for anthracnose resistance. Five cultivar (Sazova, Zülbiye, Ak?n, Önceler and Karaca?ehir 90), carrying Co-1, Co-1⁴, Co-1⁵, Co-2, Co-10, Co-13, Co-4, and Co-6 resistance genes were resistant to the pathogen isolates. These cultivars, showing a high level of resistance to the pathogen can be used as resistance sources in common bean breeding programs for resistance to anthracnose disease. These markers will provide significant benefit in breeding strategies.

     

日光温室土壤-植物-环境系统水热耦合运移动态模拟

以温室能量平衡为基础 ,建立了日光温室土壤植物环境连续系统水热耦合运移模型 ,该模型将温室内的水热运移与转化过程概化为土壤根系水热迁移、冠层环境水热迁移和温室内外水热迁移 3个子过程进行研究。采用追赶法和有限差分法求解温室水、热变化过程 ,并与实测资料进行比较 ,结果表明具有较高的精度。将温室土壤植物环境水热系统作为一个整体进行研究的思路 ,对于优化温室水热环境控制 ,促进温室的节能、降耗与作物的优质高产有重要意义。     

高产抗病夏大豆新品种皖宿1019的选育与栽培技术

大豆新品种皖宿1019是宿州市农业科学院2009年以郑9805为母本、周02005为父本进行杂交,采用改良系谱法选育而成。该品种2018年、2019年参加安徽省夏大豆区域试验,2年平均产量2574.5kg/hm2,比对照中黄13增产5.78%。2020年生产试验,平均亩产2892.9kg/hm2,比对照中黄13增产8.8%。适宜于安徽淮北地区中等以上肥力地块种植。2021年通过安徽农作物品种审定委员会审定[1][2]（编号：皖审豆20210013）。     

“热农1号”余甘子品种特性和栽培技术要点

”热农1号”余甘子是云南省农科院热区所在国内各个热区及各个干热河谷区域经过多年的种质资源调查收集、保存和评价后选育出的优良品种。本文主要对”热农1号”余甘子的品种特性和栽培技术要点进行介绍,”热农1号”余甘子一年生结果枝壮实,叶片宽大、浓绿且反卷;果实近圆形,外果皮淡黄绿色;果实大小均匀,最大单果重14.07g,平均单果重为12.3g;果实酸涩味不明显,肉脆,适宜鲜食;在不同生态环境条件下,均表现为耐干旱、抗病、耐贫瘠的特性;树势强,树冠圆球形,丰产性好,产量稳定;与对照品种相比,成熟期早,属早熟品种。     

对日本北海道马铃薯产业的认识与启示

日本北海道马铃薯产业各环节分工明确、各司其职,生产机械化程度高,在马铃薯种质改良、适应性鉴定、种薯脱毒、商品薯生产、原料销售、安全贮藏、加工利用、环境保护、机械制造、农协组织作用等方面管理先进、经验丰富。中国是世界马铃薯生产大国,甘肃是中国马铃薯生产大省,借鉴日本马铃薯先进生产技术具有重要意义。从设立种质资源保存机构、规范脱毒种薯繁育体系、扶持新型经营主体、贯彻植保新理念、建立多年轮作体系、加强加工环保设施建设、加快农业装备制造业研发等方面提出了可借鉴思路。     

数量性状遗传研究的新进展

随着现代生物技术的发展 ,对控制数量性状的基因概念的理解也由抽象到具体 ,有较大的突破。包括了 3个不同的层次 :性状由多基因控制 ,单个基因效应不能区分 ,对某一性状的整体研究 ;主基因 多基因混合遗传模式 ,基因效应不等 ,存在效应较大的主基因和易受环境等影响的效应较小的多基因 ;单个 QTL的分子标记 ,寻找与主基因紧密连锁的分子标记 ,证明了主效基因的存在。并进一步分析了数量性状的育种策略 ,分子标记辅助育种和基因克隆