基于IL-HMMs预测模型的地下水埋深预测研究

以西北干旱典型县域磴口县为研究区,基于增量学习的改进隐马尔可夫预测模型(IL-HMMs),对区域地下水埋深进行了预测研究。为检验IL-HMMs模型预测效果,将模型预测结果与2013年长观井的实测数据进行了比较;同时为检验模型的优劣性,与未经增量学习的隐马尔可夫模型(HMMs)、加权马尔可夫链(WMCP)和BP神经网络(BP neural network,BPNN)预测模型的预测结果进行了比较。结果表明:与其他几种预测模型相比,IL-HMMs模型预测精度显著提高,误差更小,有较好的鲁棒性。并使用IL-HMMs模型对2018年地下水埋深进行了预测,预测结果表明,2018年地下水年平均埋深略有增加、局部区域地下水埋深增量加剧。基于IL-HMMs模型的地下水埋深预测具有很好稳定性的同时对新数据加入又有很好的鲁棒性,可为地下水埋深动态预测提供思路与方法补充,为区域地下水资源开发利用和保护提供重要依据。     

春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态研究

在田间系统调查的基础上,采用模糊聚类分析和时间动态空间生态位宽度与种群密度关系分析方法,研究了合肥地区春甘蓝田小菜蛾的种群动态,旨在为小菜蛾的科学治理提供依据。研究结果表明,春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态可分为3 个发展阶段——点片发生阶段（低密度、高聚块）、扩张发生阶段（中密度、低聚块）和猖獗发生阶段（高密度、低聚块）。小菜蛾对春甘蓝的为害情况比较复杂,种群密度较低时主要为害甘蓝心叶;随着甘蓝的生长和小菜蛾种群密度的上升逐渐向内层叶和外层叶扩展,最终导致甘蓝全株受害。小菜蛾种群处于点片发生阶段时是春甘蓝田小菜蛾防治的关键时期。     

用全基因组关联分析解析籼稻垩白的遗传基础

利用272份全球籼稻微核心种质的重测序SNP基因型,对海南三亚、广东深圳、浙江杭州和湖北荆州4个地点收集到的垩白粒率和垩白度性状采用TASSEL软件进行全基因组关联分析,解析籼稻垩白的遗传基础和挖掘影响垩白粒率和垩白度的优异等位基因。结果表明,依据SNP数据,可将籼稻微核心种质分成3个亚群。4个地点分别检测到42个和44个与垩白粒率和垩白度显著关联的位点,位于全部12条染色体上。2个性状分别有21个和19个位点在2个以上环境下同时被检测到,这些位点中有12个位点同时影响垩白粒率和垩白度,11个位点附近都有已克隆的水稻品质相关基因。其中,第5染色体3.3~5.3 Mb区间在4个地点都被检测到与垩白粒率显著关联,以杭州点对垩白粒率的贡献最大,优异等位基因载体品种为IRGC121689;第12染色体的17.5~18.0 Mb区间在三亚和杭州都被检测到与垩白度显著关联,以三亚点的垩白度贡献最大,优异等位基因载体品种为IRGC122285。这些位点和品种资源可作水稻外观品质分子改良的重要基因和品种资源。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。     

外源木聚糖酶对尼罗罗非鱼消化器官消化酶活力及分布的影响

本试验以尼罗罗非鱼为试验对象,小麦日粮为对照,小麦日粮中分别添加不同水平的木聚糖酶(0.05%,0.10%,0.15%)作为试验饲料。每个处理设5个重复,每个重复放养40尾雄性尼罗罗非鱼。试验采用饱食方式,每天投喂4次(8:30,11:30,14:30,17:30)。在池塘浮式网箱(1.0 m×1.0 m×1.3 m)中进行饲养试验,75 d后测定罗非鱼胃、肠、肝胰脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶6种消化酶的活力。结果表明:0.10%木聚糖酶试验组的胃蛋白酶、纤维素酶活力较对照组有极显著提高(P<0.01);木聚糖酶试验组的6种肠消化酶活力均有不同程度的提高,其中,0.10%木聚糖酶试验组的6种肠消化酶与对照组均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);外源性木聚糖酶抑制罗非鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力,但提升肝胰脏内源性木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶的活力;外源性木聚糖酶的添加不影响淀粉酶、内源性木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶在胃、肠、肝胰脏中的分布规律,但对蛋白酶、脂肪酶的分布规律有明显影响。     

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.     

我国玉米南方锈病发生区域和玉米品种田间抗性的研究

通过对河南、山东、安徽等近20个省市的广泛调查以及有关田间发病记载数据的整理,明确了玉米南方锈病的准确发生地区.黄淮海夏玉米区以及海南省是当前我国玉米南方锈病发生的重点区域,病害对生产影响明显,其次为广西、广东等南方玉米区,西南玉米区局部有轻微发生,该区域主要发生的是普通锈病.汇总接种鉴定以及数年田间鉴定和国家玉米区域试验点记载的数据,获得了黄淮海夏玉米区47份推广品种对南方锈病的抗性水平情况,其中登海3号和天泰10号为高抗南方锈病品种,鲁单981、农大108、中科4号等14份也具有较好的田间抗性,但目前在该区域种植面积最大的郑单958和浚单20则属于高感品种.积极推广抗南方锈病品种是有效控制病害,减少生产损失的惟一选择.     

水稻剑叶性状的遗传分析和基因定位

本研究以水稻籼粳杂交(窄叶青8号×京系17)F1经花药培养, 产生的双单倍体(DH)群体和应用该群体已构建的分子图谱为基础。 采用QTL区间作图法对5个剑叶性状进行定位分析, 结果表明, 在DH群体中, 剑叶长、 宽、 长宽比和叶面积呈连续分布, 受微效多基因控制, 并且各性状均存在一定数量的超亲遗传类型。 4个性状共检测出13     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

不同播期、密度对辽西地区玉米生长性状及产量的影响

适宜的播种时期和密度是玉米生长及产量形成的关键因素。以蠡玉37品种为试验对象,研究辽西地区不同播期、密度对玉米生长性状及产量的影响,探讨适宜辽西半干旱地区气候条件的玉米种植技术,以实现玉米生产高产高效。