Comparative analysis of using cereal grains and compound feed in semi-intensive common carp pond production

The semi-intensive system of carp farming is dominant in inland aquaculture. Although it appears to be simple, this system has a whole range of options, from those based on traditional rearing methods with use of plants from the region where the fish are reared to production based on the use of high-quality concentrated feeds. In this paper, we conduct a comparative analysis of the effect of using cereal grains as opposed to compound feed (pelleted and extruded) on the quantity of fish produced, flesh quality, histological changes in the digestive tract, water quality, and structure of the biocoenosis in the pond ecosystem. When the fish are fed cereal grains, production ranges from 500 to 1500 kg/ha, while using compound feed gives production that is twice as great. The proportions of protein and water are higher and that of lipids lower in flesh of common carp reared on compound feed in relation to fish fed cereal grains. Use of extruded feed gives better content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a better n-3/n-6 ratio than when pelleted feed and cereal grains are used. Comparison of water quality in carp ponds under conditions of using various types of feed indicates that there are no significant differences. Although it was expected that feed with a higher percentage of proteins would cause disturbances in the aquatic ecosystem, their continual incorporation into the cycling of matter in the water contributes to maintenance of ecological equilibrium and even indirectly promotes growth of the common carp.     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

The use of RAPD technique for the identification and classification of Pisum sativum L. genotypes

Summary The genomic DNAs of 42 Pisum sativum genotypes, representing four wild and cultivated subspecies were used as templates in RAPD reactions. Amplification with eight decamer primers generated 149 polymorphic products. Genetic similarities of RAPD profiles were estimated via a coefficient of Jaccard and then the data were processed by cluster analysis (UPGMA). Each genotype was clearly identified and separated from the others. Our results show that RAPD technology is a rapid, precise and sensitive technique for identification of pea genotypes. However, the phylogenetic relationships within the Pisum sativum, which we tested by bootstrap analysis (Wagner parsimony), must be interpreted with caution.     

The influence of surface-treated nano-TiO2 (rutile) incorporation in water-based acrylic coatings on wood protection

The aim of this research was to synthesize surface-treated nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles and incorporate them into water-based acrylic systems, which could offer long-term protection for UV-sensible wood substrates. To suppress the photocatalytic activity, the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles in rutile crystal structure was coated with amorphous silica (SiO₂) layer. The amounts of SiO₂ were 5 and 10 wt%, respectively. Formation of SiO₂ layer on TiO₂ surface was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. SiO₂ layer thickness increases as a function of precursor loading. In addition, the influence of SiO₂ loading on rutile UV-protective properties was determined. Transparent UV-protective coatings were developed by incorporating surface-treated nano-TiO₂ into water-based acrylic stain. The particle size distribution was determined using dynamic light-scattering measurements, which indicate that the suspension of surface-treated rutile is stable against agglomeration. Furthermore, the color change and ability of protection against UV light of coatings after nanoparticles incorporation were determined. TiO₂, surface treated with 10 wt% of SiO_2, yielded coatings of higher transparency; however, TiO_2, surface treated with 5 wt% of SiO_2, improved UV protection.     

Analysis of genetic diversity among Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. isolates from Euro-Asian countries

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The study assessed the genetic variability among Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. isolates originating from six different countries (Turkey,...     

施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理

【目的】研究施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其与茎秆形态性状和力学性状的关系及其作用机理,为水稻抗倒高产栽培调控提供依据。【方法】以常规籼稻银晶软占为材料,设置4个氮水平,进行大田试验,研究施氮对水稻茎秆基部节间形态和力学性状的影响及其与倒伏指数的关系。【结果】施氮影响水稻茎秆的形态和力学性状。随着施氮量的增加,株高增加,重心上移,基部节间长度增加,节间充实度下降,抗折力和弹性模量减小,茎秆倒伏指数增加,抗倒伏能力下降。倒伏指数与株高、重心高度及基部节间长度呈正相关,而与基部节间充实度、抗折力及弹性模量呈负相关,且相关系数大多达到显著或极显著水平。倒伏指数与单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数呈显著或极显著正相关,而与结实率和千粒重呈负相关趋势。【结论】株高、重心高度、基部节间长度和基部节间充实度等形态性状,以及弯曲力矩、抗折力等力学性状,是影响水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的主要因素。     

南方低甲烷排放的高产水稻品种筛选与评价

为综合评价高产和低甲烷(CH4)排放兼具的水稻品种,应对我国粮食安全和环境保护问题,于2013年晚季和2014年早季,以南方稻区50个代表品种为供试材料,在盆栽条件下采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定品种的CH4排放通量,并对生育期的CH4排放量、稻谷产量及植株农艺性状进行了综合评价。结果表明,早、晚季供试品种间的CH4排放量和产量均存在显著差异。早季全生育期的CH4排放量在7.37～21.10 g·m-2之间,晚季分蘖期至幼穗分化期的CH4排放量在1.37～13.97 g·m-2之间;早季产量在0.40～0.65kg·m-2之间,晚季在0.59～0.87 kg·m-2之间。根据系统聚类法的分析结果,将供试品种划分成具有不同CH4排放量和产量水平的类型,从中筛选出了适合推广应用的CH4低排高产、中排高产和低排中产品种,如黄华占、五优308、丰华占、特三矮、茉莉占选、广超丝苗、珍桂矮、广恢998和七桂早25等。其中,恢复系广恢998组配品种、黄华占和五优308已在我国南方稻区大面积推广应用。相关分析结果表明,株高、叶面积指数与CH4排放通量呈显著正相关,这2个性状可作为高产低CH4排放水稻新品种选育的辅助筛选指标。此外,稻谷产量与CH4排放量无显著相关。研究结果为培育高产与低CH4排放兼具的新品种提供了亲本材料和理论依据。     

Systemic View on Heading and Overwintering: Are They Always Opposed?

The study investigated the cultivars of non‐obligatorily requiring vernalization plant Festulolium braunii and assessed the influence of non‐hardy reproductive and hardy vegetative structures on overwintering effect. The study was conducted taking into account systemic relations between these types of structures. The results show the cultivars differ according to the percentage of headed and overwintered plants, when the cultivars with the most abundant heading – ‘Felopa’ and ‘Sulino’ – are also better at overwintering. The positive correlation between heading and overwintering characteristics was also observed, what seemed to be a rather new finding. It can be explained by systemic effect: non‐hardy later reproductive structures induce the post‐generative regrowth of vegetative shoots, which during shorter days halt development and become potentially hardy. More detailed interpretation is also provided including discussion of causal mechanisms of the detected phenomenon. The authors suppose that these mechanisms constitute a survival strategy for such perennial plants. The observed late heading which represents reproductive structures could be applied in plant breeding as a marker of winter‐hardiness among perennial grass plants which non‐obligatorily demand vernalization.     

Molecular Variability of the Capsid Protein of the Prune Dwarf Virus

Sequences of the capsid protein gene and the preceding intergenic region of eleven isolates of prune dwarf virus from central Europe were determined. The isolates were obtained from plum, cherry and peach trees. Comparison of all sequenced isolates (including two sequences published previously) revealed high (88%) conservation of the capsid protein gene. The highest degree of identity was observed in the C-terminal half, where only 13 amino acid substitutions could be observed in contrast to the N-terminal half with 22 substitutions. No reasonable correlation between amino acid substitutions and host species and/or geographic origin of the isolates was observed. Alignment with capsid protein genes of other ilarviruses revealed apple mosaic virus, elm mottle virus, lilac ring mottle virus and prunus necrotic ringspot virus as the most related to prune dwarf virus. Unlike the isolates of related prunus necrotic ringspot virus all the isolates of prune dwarf virus shared extensive conservation of the intergenic region. Portions of RNA3 were selected for design of universal primers for PCR detection.