小麦新种质N0381D矮秆基因的遗传与SSR标记分析

为给小麦矮秆新种质N0381D的利用提供依据,采用田间观察、赤霉酸鉴定以及SSR分析相结合的方法, 对该种质的矮秆性状进行了遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,N0381D与高秆品种阿勃的杂种F¹代株高均接近或稍高于中亲值,F²代高、矮秆比例为123∶33,经χ测验,符合3∶1遗传分离比例;（N0381D/阿勃//N0381D）BC¹代矮秆植株数和半矮秆植株数的分离比例符合1∶1遗传分离比例,说明N0381D的矮秆性状由1对隐性主效基因控制。赤霉酸鉴定表明,该种质为赤霉酸不敏感型。利用337对SSR引物在亲本及高、矮秆池间进行多态性筛选,引物Xwmc503与该矮秆基因连锁, 遗传距离为19.3 cM,通过中国春及其第2部分同源群缺体四体系和双端体系将其定位于2DL染色体上。由于2DL上目前还没有发现矮秆基因,利用Xgwm261对高、矮秆池进行分析,也没有扩增出特异条带,表明N0381D携带的矮秆基因与定位于2DS上的 Rht8不同,因此推测该基因是一个新的矮秆基因,暂命名为RhtN0381D。     

孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地水稻干物质生产的影响

以黑龙江省30份主栽水稻品种或品系为试材,在孕穗期设置17℃冷水灌溉处理(20d),以常规栽培管理为对照,分析冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫导致所有试材每穴实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量下降,并根据相对结实率将试材耐冷性分为1、3、5、7和9级,以7和9级最多,1级最少,分别占总材料的30%和10%。在冷水处理下,全部材料抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比、收获指数、叶面积指数、剑叶叶基角、剑叶和倒2叶与倒3叶披垂度均下降,但高效叶面积率增加。相关分析表明,冷水处理的相对结实率与收获指数(r=0.96**)、产量(r=0.91**)、粒叶比(r=0.84**)和干物质积累量(r=0.48**)的冷水反应指数(CRI)呈极显著正相关,与群体生长率(r=0.44*)、净同化率(r=0.44*)和干物质积累比例(r=0.43*)的CRI显著正相关。综上,孕穗期冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响在品种间存在很大差异,在冷水胁迫下耐冷性极强品种(系)干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比和收获指数对冷水反应迟钝,这是耐冷性极强品种(系)保持较高产量的重要形态特征和生理原因。     

中加燕麦种质的遗传多样性和群体结构分析

为揭示燕麦种质资源的遗传基础,采用内含子切接点引物和长随机引物的PCR分子标记技术,对加拿大和中国的64份燕麦种质的遗传多样性和群体结构进行了分析.结果表明,所用15条引物共扩增出171条带,平均每条引物扩增出11.4条带,其中多态性带共134务,多态性百分比为78.36%.燕麦各种质阃的Dice遗传相似系数分析表明,所有燕麦材料间的遗传相似系数变幅为0.699～0.934,平均值为0.81,表明参试燕麦种质间存在着一定的遗传差异,但遗传差异相对较小.群体结构分析结果表明,所研究的燕麦种质中81.25%的种质血缘相对比较单一,仅18.75%的种质拥有混合来源.     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌NADPH氧化酶生物信息学分析和ATMT敲除载体的构建

从JGI数据库玉米弯孢叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)基因组中获得2个编码NADPH氧化酶基因ClNox1和ClNox2。采用生物信息学方法对2个基因编码的蛋白质进行性质、结构和功能等方面的预测。结果表明,ClNox1和ClNox2的分子量分别为6.35和6.41 KD,等电点PI为8.87和8.93,不稳定指数为44.50和39.45;ClNox1是亲水性膜蛋白,包含6个明显的跨膜结构域;ClNox2也是膜蛋白,包含8个明显的跨膜结构域。在亚细胞水平上,ClNox1定位于线粒体上,而ClNox2定位于细胞质膜上;在氨基酸序列方面,ClNox1和ClNox2都含有多个苏氨酸、丝氨酸和酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点;在功能方面,ClNox1和ClNox2都包含NADPH氧化酶特征结构域,并且与Cochliobolus heterostrophus的NADPH氧化酶基因具有较高的同源性。根据ClNox1和ClNox2序列设计特异性引物扩增目的片段,与标记基因NPTII和HphGFP分别连入骨架载体pPZP100,构建完成ClNox1和ClNox2基因的敲除载体pPZP100NPTIIClNox1和pPZP100HphGFPClNox2,为根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化提供基础材料。     

The role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem

We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem, and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish guild system.     

文蛤染色体核型及三倍体诱导的初步研究

文蛤染色体核型及三倍体诱导的初步研究ＡＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＫＡＲＹＯＴＹＰＥＡＮＤＴＲＩＰＬＯＩＤＩＮＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＭＥＲＥＴＲＩＸＭＥＲＥＴＲＩＸ常建波魏利平杨建敏宫向红孙逢贤（山东省海洋水产研究所，烟台２６４０００）Ｃｈ...     

Toxicity of chlorine to different sizes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in low-salinity shrimp pond water

An experiment was conducted, in a dark room with controlled temperature (27.3–28.4 °C), to determine the acute toxicity of chlorine concentration to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon fabicus) of sizes 0.02 g, 2.75 g, 8.47 g and 23.65 g. Toxicity tests on each of these shrimp sizes were run in triplicate in glass jars under static conditions without media renewal. The concentration of active chlorine that killed 50% of the shrimp of each size after 24‐h exposure (LC₅₀‐24 h) was used as an indicator of acute toxicity. Chlorine concentrations applied in the shrimp toxicity test ranged from 2.0 to 14.5 mg L^?1 in shrimp pond water. As the test water contained total suspended solids of 22.0–85.0 mg L^?1 and total ammonia nitrogen of 0.18–0.40 mg L^?1, the resultant concentrations of combined residual chlorine ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mg L^?1, which were the effective doses causing shrimp mortality. The test results showed that 24‐h LC₅₀ for average shrimp size at 0.02, 2.75, 8.47 and 23.65 g occurred in water containing combined residual chlorine at a concentration of 0.91, 1.39, 1.74 and 1.98 mg L^?1, for which the original application doses were 6.96, 2.05 11.50 and 13.34 mg L^?1 respectively.     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

河道淤泥和堆肥蛭石混合发酵制备基质及其育苗效果

农村河道清淤产生的淤泥,体量大、有机物浓度高,处置不当会造成二次污染。现代农业的工厂化育苗需求大量的营养土,就地取土导致耕地退化。该研究利用功能微生物发酵淤泥制备育苗基质,研究不同菌株发酵基质的物理和生物学性状,基质培育西瓜苗的生长、生理参数和抗逆性能。结果表明:微生物处理均能够提升淤泥基质物理和生物学性能,同时能够提升育苗质量。其中Trichoderma harzianum T83(T83)、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE(BIAE)菌株发酵基质性能最好。相较于对照处理基质的最大持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度,T83处理分别增加了64.25%、52.65%、45.05%、56.11%;BIAE处理分别增加了101.17%、45.43%、61.43%、38.14%。相较于对照处理西瓜苗的株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、根系活力、根际真菌、细菌数量,T83处理分别增加了66.85%、52.07%、72.16%、43.13%、54.93%、110.62倍、1.63倍;BIAE处理分别增加了80.40%、57.34%、82.37%、54.88%、46.40%、67.26%、2.60倍、2.94倍。T83和BIAE处理西瓜苗叶片过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶酶活显著增加,根系丙二醛含量显著降低。真菌菌株T. harzianum T83和细菌菌株B. amyloliquefaciens IAE发酵淤泥,能够显著提升其农用品质,为淤泥高附加值化农用提供一条可行的途径。