基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

快速、准确的获取流域植被覆盖状况信息是进行生态恢复与建设的重点。以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域各个子流域的植被覆盖程度进行了对比评价,在此基础上应用景观生态学方法对各个子流域的植被覆盖格局进行了分析。结果表明：流域北部的环江、东川、蒲河等子流域植被覆盖程度普遍较低,需要重点保护;流域东南部的汭河、达奚河、三水河、城固河、四郎河、干流区等子流域的上游局部山地植被覆盖比较好,但广大的下游黄土丘陵区植被覆盖中等,破碎化严重。且退化植被呈零散状广泛分布,应成为流域植被建设的重点区域。     

~(137)Cs在卧龙自然保护区土壤中的分布特征

对137Cs在卧龙自然保护区内不同生态系统土壤中的分布特征进行测量分析的结果表明:137Cs在耕地土壤中均匀分布,在其余6种非耕地土壤中呈明显的指数递减分布;非耕地土壤在0~10 cm土层内存在一个137Cs富集层,富集层以下137Cs含量有一个骤降的过程;137Cs在耕地土壤中的分布深度大于耕层厚度20 cm,在非耕地土壤中的分布深度在24 cm左右;137Cs的面积浓度在高山草甸土壤中最大,在适温灌丛土壤中最小,前者是后者的2.6倍。     

晋西黄土区土壤剖面水分动态研究

 通过对2004年7—10月、2005年4—10月不同植被类型土壤剖面水分状况的监测,分析研究黄土区剖面土壤水分的分布特征、季节动态变化、变异特征和不同植被类型对剖面土壤水分状况的影响。结果表明:2004年剖面土壤水分呈上高下低的分布特征,2005年剖面土壤水分呈小幅度的递增变化;土壤水分在剖面上的变化包括先减少后增加“<”型和先增加后减小再增加的倒“S”型、先增后减再增再减的波浪型;在观测期,土壤剖面各土层土壤水分含量在随时间变化呈现减少趋势,与降水量关系显著;土壤水分的变异系数地表（0～20cm）最大,0～100cm土层呈减小趋势,100～200cm土层基本保持不变,将100～120cm土深作为土壤水分速变和稳定的分界限。     

垃圾填埋场植被恢复技术进展

随着世界各地城市化的不断扩大,垃圾填埋场的环境影响和植被恢复已成为全球共同面临的一个相当紧迫和突出的环境问题.在简述垃圾卫生填埋的概念、方式、组成及其带来的生态环境问题的基础上;对影响垃圾填埋场上植物生长的各种因素,以及国内外研究现状作了评述,同时提出我国垃圾填埋场植被恢复的研究方向.     

Sedimentary characterization of Tagus estuarine beaches (Portugal)

Background, Aim and Scope  The distribution of sediments in estuarine beaches is controlled by the interactions between sediment supply, hydrodynamic processes and human intervention. The main purpose of this study is to characterize the sediments of Tagus estuarine beaches in order to understand their origin and to contribute to a better knowledge of the Tagus estuary sediment budget. Methods  Surface sediment samples were collected across beach profiles and sand grain size analysis was performed by dry sieving. Grain size statistics for the median (d₅₀) and standard deviation (SDM) were obtained using the Moment method. This study was complemented by a qualitative evaluation of the sediment composition. Cross-shore topographic surveys were conducted for selected sampling sites. Results  Tagus estuarine beach sediments are mainly composed of quartz sand particles which are fine-grained and well sorted near the mouth of the estuary and medium to coarse-grained and moderately sorted in the inner domain. Compositional results show evidence of active anthropogenic sediment sources, especially in the coarser fractions. Discussion  The analysis of the textural and compositional characteristics of beach sediments in the inner estuarine domain is compatible with local sedimentary sources, while a marine signature is present at the mouth and inlet channel sediments. In the inner domain, differences in the sedimentary processes are represented by the textural characteristics of the sediments, such as the sorting degree and the gravel content. Sediment characteristics also reflect human intervention in the system, with the introduction of anthropogenic and allochthonous particles and the mixture of sediments from different sources. Conclusions  The sediments of the inner Tagus estuarine beaches are derived from local Plio-Pleistocene outcrops while inlet and outer estuary beaches reveal a dominant marine source. Beach textural variability observed in the inner domain is not related to wave forcing gradients, but mainly to variations in the sedimentary processes along the estuarine margins and to human intervention. Results show that the Tagus estuarine beaches depended, almost exclusively, on sediment input from local sources until the last century. With increasing human occupation, sediment transfers became dominated by anthropogenically related activities mainly connected with the occupation of estuarine margins and dredging. Recommendations and Perspectives  Further studies should extend the present level of knowledge in what concerns sand transport patterns through additional compositional and geochemical analysis, and the development of new techniques in order to allow the quantitative evaluation of the impact of human activities on the sediment budget.     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

Genetic characterization of a collection of chayote, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sechium edule</Emphasis> (Jacq.) Swartz,in Costa Rica by using isozyme markers

We established protocols for the analysis of genetic diversity in chayote (Sechium edule) by using isozyme markers, thereby determining the level of genetic diversity present in 42 accessions of chayote from Costa Rica. We obtained clear and reproducible zymograms for eight enzyme staining systems: PGM, 6-PGD, PGI, IDH, MDH, SOD, SKD, and EST, and were able to score 14 putative loci. Eight of the 14 loci examined were polymorphic. We found 35 distinct multilocus genotypes among these accessions. Five of these multilocus genotypes were homozygous for all loci. In addition, our data also revealed that most of the multilocus genotypes (24) were heterozygous for only one of the eight loci, and the rest were heterozygous for two or three loci (9 and 4 accessions, respectively). Seven multilocus genotypes were found in two different accessions. Dice similarity coefficient was used to study the relationship between accessions. This analysis, based on the presence and absence of alleles, revealed that accessions collected in the same location seldom shared the same multilocus genotype. The value of isozyme polymorphisms as tools to continue studies on the characterization of chayote is discussed.     

外源铅在土壤中的形态、分布及其对土壤养分的影响

通过对加入外源铅的砂姜黑土、黄褐土、红壤进行培养处理,测定土壤中各形态铅及水溶态NH^＋,K^＋和速效态磷的含量,研究外源铅在各类土壤中的形态分布特点及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：交换态和残渣态的铅为红壤〉黄褐土〉砂姜黑土,碳酸盐态铅为砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉红壤,铁锰氧化态铅为红壤〉砂姜黑土〉黄褐土,有机结合态铅为黄褐土〉砂姜黑土〉红壤;交换态和残渣态所占比例随着外源铅的浓度增大而提高,有机结合态的比例随着外源铅浓度增大降低,碳酸盐结合态铅在砂姜黑土、铁锰氧化态铅在红壤上则呈现外源铅小于500mg／kg时比例增高,大于500mg／kg时比例开始下降的状况;加入外源铅的土壤中,水溶态的NH4^＋和K^＋的浓度增大,使其流失的风险性增加;水溶态磷和铅离子生成难溶性磷酸铅盐被固结,使速效磷的浓度减少,降低了水溶性磷肥的功效。     

基于Web的蔬菜农药残留检测网络监控系统构建

为保证蔬菜质量安全和消费者健康,该文提出利用NET技术平台和SQL技术开发成功基于Web的蔬菜农残检测网络监控系统,利用数据库管理系统,通过数据统计和Web报表实现信息的采集和整理;该文给出了系统的结构设计方案、采用的关键技术和主要功能实现方法.该系统在江苏江阴地区实际测试效果良好,可应用于农产品品质检测和安全管理.     

中慢生型天山根瘤菌胞外多糖相关基因exo5及其在根毛吸附和生物膜形成中作用的研究

用质粒pKGL 3上的转座子随机插入失活的方法得到两个中慢生型天山根瘤菌胞外多糖缺失菌株,并通过随机引物PCR的方法确定了转座子插入的基因位点,该基因与豌豆根瘤菌的UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶基因有高度的同源性.根毛吸附实验发现该基因缺失,导致胞外多糖缺失突变菌株在其宿主植物甘草上的根毛吸附量大大降低,同时生物膜的形成实验发现中慢生型天山根瘤菌的exo5-菌株不能像野生型菌株一样形成丰富的生物膜,也从侧面证明了根毛吸附实验的结果,初步推测胞外多糖可能通过影响中慢生型天山根瘤菌的根毛吸附过程来影响其与豆科植物的共生固氮.