Interpopulation and intrapopulation maternal lineage genetics of the Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa) by analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences

The Lanyu pig is an indigenous breed from the Lanyu Islet, which is southeast of Taiwan. Two herds of Lanyu pigs were introduced from the Lanyu Islet into Taiwan in 1975 and 1980. The current population of conserved Lanyu pigs consists of only 44 animals with unknown genetic lineage. The Lanyu pig possesses a distinct maternal genetic lineage remote from Asian and European pigs. The present study aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationship among conserved Lanyu, Asian, and European type pigs based on the cytochrome b coding gene, to ascertain the maternal lineage and genetic diversity within the conserved Lanyu pigs, and to address whether genetic introgression from exotic or Formosan wild pigs had occurred in the conserved Lanyu pigs. Entire mitochondrial genomes of both types of Lanyu pig comprised 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and 13 protein-coding genes. Only 2 haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and cytochrome b were identified in the conserved Lanyu pig herds. When maximum likelihood trees were constructed, the Type I Lanyu mitochondrial genes formed a unique clade with a large pairwise distance of both cytochrome b and the control region from Asian and European type breeds, Formosan wild pigs, and exotic breeds. Significant loss of genetic diversity of mtDNA within the conserved Lanyu pigs was demonstrated by low haplotype and nucleotide diversities, supported by Fu and Li's D* neutrality test (1.44055; P < 0.05). The mtDNA control region sequences of extant pigs in the Lanyu Islet, however, showed high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and clustered with exotic pigs. These results indicate no maternal lineage mtD-NA gene introgression from Formosan wild pigs and introduced exotic pigs to conserved Type I Lanyu pigs, and a severe loss of heterozygosity of mtDNA in conserved Lanyu pigs. The remaining extant pigs on the Lanyu Islet have been introgressed with exotic breeds. Strategies for future conservation of native Lanyu pigs are now even more urgent and important.     

Dynamics of apoptosis-related gene expression during follicular development in yak

The potential reproduction power of domestic animals is limited by a complicated follicular atresia process. P53, caspase-9 (Casp9), Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas play a crucial role in the ovarian mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis and death receptor pathway. In accordance with this study, the expression levels of Casp9, Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas were analysed in ovaries and oviducts of yak by immunohistochemistry (IHC). P53 and the above in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) from atretic (3–6 mm) to healthy follicles (6–8 mm) and in oviducts were examined from the luteal phase to the follicular phase during the oestrous circle by Western blot (WB) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Results demonstrated that typical classic apoptotic factors Casp9, Bax, Bcl-2 and Fas were expressed in the cytoplasm and zonal pellucida of oocytes, primordial follicles, primary follicles, ovarian surface epithelium, ovarian GCs, granular lutein cells, surface epithelia in oviduct uterotubal junction and oviduct ampulla during the luteal phase. RT-PCR and WB revealed that P53 and Fas significantly increased in GCs of atretic follicles. P53 and Casp9 increased in oviduct epithelium during the luteal phase, but Fas was unchanged. A contrary tendency was noted in Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Overall, P53 and Fas play an essential role in inducing GC apoptosis, and Bax, Bcl-2, Casp9 and P53 are involved in oviduct epithelial regeneration in yak.     

薄膜包衣技术及其在畜牧业中的应用研究进展

包衣技术在饲料添加剂中的应用前景广泛,在提高产品稳定性,掩盖不良气味,控制产品在消化道中的释放和提高生物利用度等方面发挥着重要作用。文章对薄膜包衣技术在畜牧业中的应用作一综述,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

2018年安徽省部分地区A型禽流感流行率横断面研究

为了解安徽省A型禽流感病毒感染情况,2018年4—5月,在安徽省北部、中部和南部7个市,随机选取各类型场点173个,在每个场点内随机采集35份咽喉/泄殖腔和环境拭子样品,使用荧光RT-PCR进行A型、H5亚型、H7亚型流感病毒核酸检测。结果显示：在4个养殖场、3个活禽批发市场和17个农贸市场检出了A型禽流感病毒,场点阳性率分别为2.9%（4/140）、75.0%（3/4）、80.9%（17/21）,未检出H5和H7亚型流感病毒核酸;A型禽流感群体流行率为11.2%（95%CI：6.5%~15.8%）,个体流行率为1.2%（95%CI：0.9%~1.5%）;活禽交易市场内,禽群感染A型禽流感病毒的风险较高（OR=136,95%CI：32.7~549.4）。结果表明,A型禽流感病毒在养殖和交易环节存在一定的污染,而在活禽交易市场的污染更严重,是今后禽流感防控的重点,需继续加强活禽交易市场的管理和消毒灭源工作。     

IBV AH1-99分离株N基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术成功扩增出IBV AH1-99分离株的N基因全长cNDA,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。经酶切分析、PCR鉴定及核苷酸序列测定,成功获得该分离株N基因的重组质粒。序列分析结果表明,分离株N基因全长1 230个核苷酸,编码409个氨基酸。同部分IBV参考毒株相比,核苷酸同源性为85.8%~89.9%,氨基酸同源性为86.6%~91.0%,在进化关系树中,AH1-99与国内分离株X、LX4亲缘关系较近。     

猪接种PRRSV Nsp2Δ1882-2241弱毒株后血清细胞因子的变化特征

为了解Nsp2Δ1882-2241缺失后弱化的高致病性PRRSV（TJM株）对宿主免疫学应答的刺激机理,本研究分析了免疫猪血清中的细胞因子及变化规律。将14头4周龄易感仔猪随机分为3组：第1组接种PRRSV TJM-F92株,为免疫组;第2组接种高致病性PRRSV TJ-F5毒株,为攻毒组;第3组不接种疫苗及病毒,为对照组。接种后28d,用TJ-F5毒株攻击试验猪,于不同时间点采集血样,用ELISA法测定血清中的PRRSV抗体、IL-2、IL-10、IL-12p40、TNF-α、IFN-α和IFN-β水平。结果显示：（1）与对照组和攻毒组相比,免疫组猪IL-12p40水平持续上调,于免疫后28d受PRRSV强毒攻击后,其水平开始缓慢降低,但仍高于攻毒后的对照组。（2）免疫组IL-2水平在接种疫苗后的前21d内无明显升高且低于攻毒组,在受到强毒攻击后其IL-2水平却有明显升高。（3）免疫组IL-10水平与对照组无明显差别,并在免疫14d后一直显著低于攻毒组（P〈0.01）。（4）免疫组接种疫苗后的前21d内,TNF-α水平保持稳定,28d明显上调。攻毒组TNF-α水平0～28d一直低于对照组,且在21d达到最低（P〈0.01）。免疫组在28d受强毒攻击后,其TNF-α水平下降且在攻毒7d时最为明显（P〈0.01）,此后恢复到正常水平。（5）免疫组免疫后28d时IFN-α水平升高,在受到强毒攻击后再次显著降低（P〈0.01）。免疫组IFN-β水平一直低于对照组和攻毒组,不因强毒攻击而变化。以上结果提示,IL-12上调在PRRSV免疫保护中起明显作用;另外,上调TNF-α及下调IL-10都是基因缺失疫苗发挥效力的潜在机制。     

SNPs在荷斯坦青年公牛选育中的应用研究

本试验以25头荷斯坦青年种公牛为研究对象,以8头验证种公牛的各8头女儿共计64头中国荷斯坦牛为参照群体,利用DNA测序方法检测κ-CN基因、leptin基因、DGAT1基因、DGAT2基因的SNP位点,结果共发现7个SNP位点,并利用7个SNP的标记效应对25头青年荷斯坦种公牛生产性能进行了基因组育种值估测。结果发现s1、s2、s3、s4、s5、s6、s7、s10、s11、s13、s16、s18、s19、s20、s21、s22、s23和s24青年公牛生产性能高,s8、s9、s12、s14、s15、s17、s25公牛生产性能低。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌人工感染雏鸭病理模型的建立及动态病理学观察

为了深入研究鸭疫里默氏杆菌的致病机理,以14日龄试验鸭人工感染Ⅰ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌,建立鸭疫里默氏杆菌病病理模型,并在感染后6、12、24、36、48、60、72、84h,7d扑杀试验鸭,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胸腺、法氏囊、胰腺,常规病理学方法研究其在感染雏鸭体内的动态病理变化规律。结果表明,雏鸭经嗉囊和气管注射2种途径感染血清Ⅰ型RA,均成功建立了人工感染动物模型。消化道感染的潜伏期为6h,感染后24h开始死亡,死亡高峰集中于36～72h,死亡率85％,72h后停止死亡。呼吸道感染潜伏期为12h,感染后24h开始死亡,死亡高峰集中于60～84·h,死亡率65％,84h后停止死亡。与消化道感染途径相比,呼吸道感染途径的潜伏期多6h,死亡高峰时间延后24h,死亡率低20％。心、肝发生病理变化最早,肺、肾、脑、胰较晚,免疫器官胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏最晚。组织学病理变化比解剖病理变化提前6～12h。纤维素性心包炎比纤维素性肝周炎早24h出现,时间依次为感染后24、48h。各器官首先表现充血,轻度肿大,呈浆液性、纤维素性及生理性炎症反应。组织细胞先是肿大,继而颗粒变性、水泡变性、脂肪变性,坏死,最终导致细胞核浓缩、核裂解。呼吸道感染途径的各种动态病理变化,比消化道感染途径晚6～24h。感染后84h,病鸭开始产生一定免疫力,至7d产生较强免疫力而耐过。     

64-Channel multi-detector row CT angiographic evaluation of the micropigs for potential living donor lung transplantation

Micropigs are the most likely source animals for xenotransplantation. However, an appropriate method for evaluating the lung of micropigs had not been established. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of 64-channel multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) to measure the diameter of the pulmonary arteries and the lung volume in micropigs. The mean diameters of the trachea, and left and right bronchi were 1.6 ± 0.17, 1.18 ± 0.14, and 1.1 ± 0.11 cm, respectively. The mean diameters of the main, right, and left pulmonary arteries were 1.38 ± 0.09, 1.07 ± 0.26, and 0.98 ± 0.13 cm and the diameters of right, left, and common inferior pulmonary veins were 0.97 ± 0.20, 0.76 ± 0.20, and 1.99 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. The mean lung volume was 820.3 ± 77.11 mL. The data presented in this study suggest that the MDCT may be a noninvasive, rapid, and accurate investigational method for pulmonary anatomy in living lung donors.     

兰州地区草原植被的植物群落类型——干草原和荒漠草原

在现有资料和野外７０多个样地调查的基础上，系统分析了兰州地区草原植被现存的主要的群落类型和各群落的外貌、结构、生态分布等特征。其中，干草原群落包括：（１）长芒草草原，（２）大针茅草原，（３）冷蒿草原；荒漠草原群落有：（４）短花针茅草原，（５）无芒隐子草草原，（６）蓍状亚菊草原，（７）灌木亚菊草原，（８）中亚紫苑木草原。用Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ提出的β多样性指数较好地反映了草原植被的动态特征。这一研究对黄土丘陵地区植被的改造和建设具有重要意义。