Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from mummichog, stickleback, striped bass and brown trout in eastern Canada

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from mortalities occurring in populations of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, brown trout, Salmo trutta, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The isolated viral strains produced a cytopathic effect on the epithelioma papillosum cyprini cell line. Serum neutralization indicated the virus was VHSV and sequencing identified the rhabdovirus isolates as the North American strain of VHSV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates are closely related and form a distinguishable subgroup of North American type VHSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VHSV in mummichog and striped bass.     

Proteomic profiles during adventitious rooting of Eucalyptus species relevant to the cellulose industry

New Forests - Adventitious rooting (AR) is an obligatory step for vegetative propagation of commercial woody species. Paper industries have interest in Eucalyptus globulus Labill and its hybrids...     

Aboveground biomass,transpiration and water use efficiency in eucalypt plantation fertilized with KCl,NaCl and phonolite rock powder

Potassium has important physiological functions in eucalypt plantations, increasing their productivity when applied to soil via mineral fertilizers. There is interest in identifying alternative sources to KCl owing to its high cost and limited reserves. The aim of the study was to test the effect of replacing KCl with NaCl and phonolite rock powder. Two comparisons were made: (1) application of 283 kg ha^?1 of KCl compared with that of 2125 kg ha^?1 of phonolite rock powder (equivalent to 170 kg ha^?1 of K₂O in both treatments); (2) application of 139 kg ha^?1 of NaCl compared with that of 183 kg ha^?1 of KCl (equivalent to 2.33 kmol Na and K, respectively). Radial growth, soil water content, leaf water potential (Ψ), accumulated transpiration, stem volume and biomass increment, as well as water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated. In the first comparison, both fertilizations presented equal values for all characteristics evaluated. In the second, the accumulated transpiration in trees fertilized with KCl was 17% higher than that in plants fertilized with NaCl. In contrast, the WUE was 20% higher in the trees fertilized with NaCl than in those fertilized with KCl, reflecting the lower water consumption for the same increment in stem volume and biomass. We conclude that phonolite rock powder and NaCl are possible substitutes for conventional K fertilization performed with KCl.

     

Screening potato varieties for short dormancy

Summary Autumn grown potatoes harvested in December cannot be used for planting in February–March, as they are still dormant at that time. The lengthy dormant period ofUp-to-Date, the main variety cultivated in Israel, was found to be the bottleneck of the problem of supply of locally grown seed tubers. In order to find varieties with a shorter dormant period, 52 varieties from different sources were introduced. The seed material was propagated twice before it was used for the first screening test in spring 1956. The first test has shown that varieties with a short dormant period gave the best results and those with a long one the worst. The second screening in spring 1957, in which a limited number of the most promising varieties were tested, has shown that length of growing period is at least as important as length of dormant period, and that early and medium-early varieties are best. In spite of the results obtained we consider that it will be necessary to breed new varieties more adapted to the specific requirements of growing two crops a year.

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Zusammenfassung Im Herbst ausgepflanzte und im Dezember geerntete Kartoffeln k?nnen nicht zum Auspflanzen im Februar verwendet werden, da sie sich dann noch in der Keimruhe befinden. Die ziemlich lange Keimruhe vonUp-to-Date, der in Israel am meisten angebauten Sorte, erwies sich als die gr?sste Schwierigkeit bei der L?sung des Problems der Versorgung mit einheimischem Saatgut. Um Sorten mit kürzerer Keimruhe zu finden, wurden 52 Sorten verschiedener Herkunft eingeführt. Das Saatgut wurde zweimal fortgezüchtet, bevor es für den ersten Auslesetest im Frühjahr 1956 verwendet wurde. Der erste Versuch zeigte, dass Sorten mit kurzer Keimruhe die besten und Sorten mit langer Keimruhe die schlechtesten Resultate ergaben. Die zweite Auslese im Frühjahr 1957, wobei eine kleinere Anzahl der aussichtsreichsten Sorten geprüft wurde, zeigte, dass die Dauer der Wachstumsperiode mindestens ebenso wichtig ist wie die L?nge der Keimruhe und dass frühe und mittelfrühe Sorten die besten sind. Ungeachtet dieser Ergebnisse halten wir es für angezeigt, neue Sorten zu züchten, die den besonderen Ansprüchen einer zweimaligen Ernte im Jahr besser genügen.

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Résumé Les pommes de terre d'automne récoltées en décembre ne peuvent servir de semence en févriermars, puisqu'elles se trouvent encore à l'état latent à cette époque. La période de latence assez prolongée de l'Up-to-date, la principale variété cultivée en Israel, constitue le majeur obstacle à l'approvisionnement en semences locales. Afin de trouver des variétés à courte période de latence, nous avons introduit 52 variétés de différentes provenances. Celles-ci ont d? être multipliées deux fois avant que nous ayons pu entreprendre le premier essai au printemps 1956. Ce premier essai a permis de constater que les variétés à courte période de latence étaient les meilleures, celles à période de latence prolongée donnant les résultats les moins bons. La seconde sélection fut effectuée au printemps 1957. A cette occasion, un plus petit nombre de variétés particulièrement prometteuses furent étudiées. Il fut constaté que la durée de végétation a une importance au moins égale à celle de la durée de latence. Les variétés précoces et moyennes étaient les meilleures. Malgré les résultats de cette étude, nous en sommes arrivés à cette conclusion qu'il nous faudra sélectionner, des variétés nouvelles, mieux adaptées aux exigences particulières de la culture de la pomme de terre effectuée à deux reprises dans la même année.

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Publication of the National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, 1960. Series No. 354-E.     

Evaluation of the effect of commercially available plant and animal protein sources in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): digestive and metabolic investigations

The present study investigated the effect of various alternative diet ingredients partially replacing fishmeal (FM) on digestive and metabolic parameters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts (initial body mass 305 ± 69 g) following 12 weeks of feeding. Experimental diets containing 20 % extracted sunflower (ESF), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soy protein concentrate (SPC), feather meal (FeM) and poultry by-product (PBY) were compared to a reference diet containing FM as the main protein source. For the different intestinal compartments trypsin, lipase, bile salts, dry matter and chyme-associated leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were measured from the content and LAP was measured in the tissue. Selected metabolites were measured in plasma samples. In general, use of plant proteins resulted in low C-LAP activity, low plasma cholesterol and high plasma magnesium. The plasma levels of cholesterol and Mg reflecting were most likely reflections of the composition of the diet, while the LAP activity in chyme may indicate lower epithelial cell turnover. Other responses varied depending on the plant protein source. Results from the animal protein substitution also varied both between diets and compartments; however, both materials increased lipase activity in DI. FeM resulted in a significant increase in both total and specific LAP activities suggesting an attempt to increase the digestive capacity in response to low digestibility of the diet while PBY showed very little difference from the FM-fed control fish. The present trial indicates that 20 % PPC, SPC and PBY can partially replace FM in diets for Atlantic salmon. The qualities of ESF and FeM used in this trial show little promise as FM replacement at 20 % inclusion level.     

Natural Stable Isotopes for Determination of Gastrointestinal Transit Time in Fish

This study evaluated the application of stable isotopes of carbon as an alternative and more accurate method to determine gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) in fish by comparing it to the inert marker method. The stable isotope method detects alterations of the normal carbon flow in a biological system by analyzing naturally occurring isotopes of carbon, contrary to studies based on conventional techniques that apply external markers to the diet to determine GTT through visual observation of the color change in feces. Therefore, 320 pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles were reared in 32 tanks under two different temperatures (25 and 29 C). The pacu juveniles received two different diets, one based on ingredients derived from C₃ photosynthetic cycle plants and the other based on C₄ plant ingredients, both containing titanium oxide (TiO₂) as a marker. After 40 d, the isotopic signature of the diets was changed, and the marker was replaced by chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃). In the isotopic technique, the feces were analyzed to determine the exchange in the isotopic ratio of carbon δ¹³C. Both methods found that GTT was faster (nearly 6 h) in fish at 29 C when using the C₄/C₃ feeding strategy and slower in fish at 25 C using the C₃/C₄ strategy (15 h by inert marker and 18 h by the isotopic method). In conclusion, GTT determination in pacu juveniles using the stable isotope technique exhibits the same accuracy obtained with the inert marker method at temperatures suitable (nearly 29 C) for the metabolism of these animals.     

Does reverse growth dominance develop in old plantations of Eucalyptus saligna?

Patterns of stand growth and dominance among individual trees change through stand development. We tested a prediction that large, old plantations of Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) in Hawaii and Brazil would show a pattern of “reverse” growth dominance, with the largest trees contributing more to stand biomass than to current stand increment. This pattern might develop if the largest trees accounted for a large portion of the total resource use of the stand, but were less efficient at utilizing resources to produce stemwood. The 70-year-old plantation in Hawaii had a stem mass of 610 Mg/ha, compared with 325 Mg/ha in the 66-year-old Brazil plantation. Cumulative frequency plots for both sites showed that dominant trees comprised a very large proportion of total stand mass; the largest 20% of the trees accounted for 50% and 30% of the total stand mass in Hawaii and Brazil, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the largest trees continued to produce a disproportionately large amount of total stand growth, with the largest 20% of trees accounting for 60% (Hawaii) and 40% (Brazil) of stand growth. The frequency distributions resulted in positive growth dominance coefficients (similar to Gini coefficients) of 0.14 for Hawaii and 0.09 for Brazil, rather than negative values that would indicate that reverse growth dominance. The failure of these monoculture Eucalyptus stands to develop reverse growth dominance contrasts starkly with a variety of studies with pine species, which tend to show neutral-to-reverse growth dominance. Indeed, continued dominance of large trees suggests the trees might respond well to silvicultural treatments such as thinning or fertilization. Future work that contrasts patterns of growth dominance among species will be important as a foundation for developing generalizations about trends in growth dominance with stand development.     

Effect of the fungicide imazalil on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 dependent activities in the Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

Bobwhite quails were treated with imazalil for 8 weeks. The fungicide was given admixed in the food at 0, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 mg kg^?1. Even at the highest dose tested, imazalil did not affect the liver weight or the hepatic microsomal protein content. In treated quails, no significant induction of cytochrome P-450 or NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase activity was observed. Furthermore, imazalil did not induce or inhibit 7-ethoxyresorufin or 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in quail microsomes. Only a slight but significant increase by 35% and 49% in aniline hydroxylase activity was measured for the 500- and 1000-mg kg^?1 dose levels, respectively. After a drug-free period of one week, aniline hydroxylase activity returned to control values, indicating that the effect was fully reversible. It is concluded that imazalil does not induce or inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes in the quail, even at doses which exceed by far the maximum levels currently used to dress seed under field conditions (100 mg kg^?1).