Penman-Monteith模型模拟Venlo型温室黄瓜植株蒸腾

准确模拟温室作物蒸腾对于制定科学合理的灌溉制度及温室环境调控具有重要意义,该研究基于2017年秋冬季和2018年春夏季Venlo型温室黄瓜生育期内微气象数据、黄瓜生长发育指标和植株蒸腾,对Penman-Monteith(PM)模型中关键参数—冠层阻力和空气动力学阻力进行研究。通过分析黄瓜叶片孔阻力与温室内气象因子的响应关系,构建了由黄瓜有效叶面积指数及叶片孔阻力模拟冠层阻力的子模型;采用基于风速的Perrier对数法和基于温室对流类型的热传输系数法计算温室内低风速环境下的空气动力学阻力,并评价不同方法的适用性。结果表明:叶片孔阻力与太阳辐射呈指数关系(R~2=0.89),可通过观测温室内太阳辐射计算黄瓜叶片孔阻力;应用热传输系数法确定空气动力学阻力时,温室内对流类型绝大多数时间为混合对流;2种方法计算的温室内空气动力学阻力变化幅度均较小,Perrier对数法计算的春夏季和秋冬季空气动力学阻力平均值分别为388和383 s/m,热传输系数法计算的空气动力学阻力平均值分别为141和158 s/m;基于2种空气动力学阻力计算方法,PM模型模拟的植株蒸腾与实测值均具有较好的一致性,但采用Perrier对数法计算空气动力学阻力时,PM模型低估了植株蒸腾,春夏季和秋冬季拟合线斜率分别为0.87和0.91;而采用热传输系数法计算空气动力学阻力时,PM模型可更准确的模拟该地区温室黄瓜植株蒸腾,春夏季和秋冬季拟合线斜率分别为1.00和0.94,R~2分别为0.91和0.95,均方根误差分别为46.15和12.45 W/m~2。该研究结果为实现PM模型在Venlo型温室环境的准确应用提供了参考。     

Comparison of temperature readings from a percutaneous thermal sensing microchip with temperature readings from a digital rectal thermometer in equids

OBJECTIVE: To compare temperature readings from an implantable percutaneous thermal sensing microchip with temperature readings from a digital rectal thermometer, to identify factors that affect microchip readings, and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the microchip for fever detection. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 52 Welsh pony foals that were 6 to 10 months old and 30 Quarter Horses that were 2 years old. PROCEDURES: Data were collected in summer, winter, and fall in groups 1 (n = 23 ponies), 2 (29 ponies), and 3 (30 Quarter Horses), respectively. Temperature readings from a digital rectal thermometer and a percutaneous thermal sensing microchip as well as ambient temperature were recorded daily for 17, 23, and 19 days in groups 1 through 3, respectively. Effects of ambient temperature and rectal temperature on thermal sensor readings were estimated. Sensitivity and specificity of the thermal sensor for detection of fever (rectal temperature, >or= 38.9 degrees C [102 degrees F]) were estimated separately for data collection at ambient temperatures 15.6 degrees C. RESULTS: Mean ambient temperatures were 29.0 degrees C (84.2 degrees F), -2.7 degrees C (27.1 degrees F), and 10.4 degrees C (50.8 degrees F) for groups 1 through 3, respectively. Thermal sensor readings varied with ambient temperature and rectal temperature. Rectal temperatures ranged from 36.2 degrees to 41.7 degrees C (97.2 degrees to 107 degrees F), whereas thermal sensor temperature readings ranged from 23.9 degrees (75 degrees F) to 42.2 degrees C (75 degrees to 108 degrees F). Sensitivity for fever detection was 87.4%, 53.3%, and 58.3% in groups 1 to 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The thermal sensor appeared to have potential use for initial screening of body temperature in equids at ambient temperatures > 15.6 degrees C.     

Health of non-ambulatory, non-injured pigs at processing

Loss of pigs during or after transport is a welfare concern, but also an economic concern for producers. Transport losses include animals that are dead on arrival (DOA) at the plant, pigs that are injured, and pigs which are not obviously injured but unwilling or unable to walk (non-ambulatory, non-injured or NANI). The objective of this research was to assess the health of non-ambulatory, non-injured (NANI) pigs relative to control pigs at the processing plant by looking at a range of measures, including complete blood chemistry, anatomy, and pathology to determine potential factors associated with pigs going down. Data were collected from NANI and control pigs at five plants in the midwest USA. Feet and legs and internal organs were inspected and the severity of the pathology scored. Alveolar macrophages were collected and counted. Blood was collected for analysis of hematology, blood chemistry and cortisol concentrations. Titers to common porcine respiratory viruses were measured in pigs from one plant. Hoof and pad problems did not differ overall between control and NANI pigs, however the percentage of severe foot problems was greater (P < 0.05) in NANI compared with control pigs at plants A and E. The percentage of total ulcers, rhinitis, and empty stomachs differed (P < 0.05) between control and NANI pigs at individual plants, but not overall. Blood hematology and chemistry differed (P < 0.05) between NANI and control pigs. Cortisol concentrations did not differ between NANI and control pigs. Titers to swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 and H3N2 and porcine circovirus (PCV) were lower (P < 0.01) among NANI compared with control pigs. However, more (P < 0.01) NANI pigs were positive for SIV H1N1 and H3N2 compared with control pigs. Blood hematology, chemistry, and pathology indicate a large difference between NANI and controls pigs. No single health problem was higher among NANI pigs compared to plant-matched control pigs. Rather, several problems appear to contribute to pigs becoming NANI which may differ from one plant too another.     

Heritability estimates and progeny testing of phenotypic selections for soluble solids content in dehydrator onion

Soluble solids comprise most of onion bulb dry mass, and dehydrator onion cultivars are developed from breeding populations that have high dry mass content. Realized and narrow-sense heritability estimates were obtained for the soluble solids content (SSC) trait in two open-pollinated dehydrator onion breeding populations (BP) using response to selection and half-sib family analysis. Parental populations, designated as BP9335-U and BP9243-U, were derived from two-way crosses of lines advanced as open- pollinated (OP) populations to the F7 or F_6 generation, respectively. BP9335-U had one previous selection cycle for increased SSC and BP9243-U had three SSC selection cycles. In these experiments, parental populations were screened again for high SSC, and selected bulbs were intermated to form half-sib progeny groups, designated as BP9335-S and BP9243-S. Mean SSC was increased by 6.6% and a realized heritability estimate of 0.64 was obtained for BP9335-S. Mean SSC was increased by 6.3% and a realized heritability estimate of 0.36 was obtained for BP9243-S. Narrow-sense heritability estimates of 0.58 ±0.05 and 0.30 ±0.03 were obtained for parental populations BP9335-U and BP9243-U, respectively. Narrow-sense heritability estimates of 0.40 ± 0.03 and 0.63 ± 0.23 were obtained for progeny populations derived from selected high-SSC bulbs of these lines (BP9335-S and BP9243-S), respectively, indicating that there is significant additive genetic control of the SSC trait in these populations. Significant differences in half-sib family performance in the advanced groups BP9335-S and BP9243-S demonstrate that progeny testing was effective for evaluating phenotypic selections. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of electron-beam irradiation on bioactive compounds in grapefruits ( Citrus paradisi Macf.)

Phytochemical levels in fruits and vegetables can be affected by several postharvest factors. In the present study, the effect of electron-beam (E-beam) irradiation was studied on grapefruit bioactive compounds. 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White' grapefruits were irradiated with E-beam at 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 kGy. Changes of various bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, furocoumarins, and limonoids, were measured. The acidity decreased slightly with an increasing E-beam dose, whereas the total soluble solids were increased. Irradiation did not affect the vitamin C content at 1 kGy; however, doses beyond 1 kGy significantly reduced the vitamin C content. Lycopene and beta-carotene did not change significantly from the irradiation. Lycopene levels decreased as the E-beam dose increased, while the beta-carotene content slightly increased. Dihydroxybergamottin levels exhibited a decreasing trend, while the bergamottin content did not change. Naringin, a major flavonoid of grapefruit, showed a significant increase over the control at 10 kGy in both 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White'. Nomilin continued to decrease with an increasing dose of E-beam irradiation, while limonin levels remained the same at all of the doses. Low-dose E-beam irradiation has very little effect on the bioactive compounds and offers a safe alternative to existing postharvest treatments for the disinfection and decontamination of grapefruits.     

VARIATIONS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE VENOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DORSAL DURAL VENOUS SINUS SYSTEM IN 51 DOGS

Variations in intracranial dural venous sinus anatomy have been widely reported in humans, but there have been no studies reporting this in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe variations in magnetic resonance (MR) venographic anatomy of the dorsal dural venous sinus system in a sample population of dogs with structurally normal brains. Medical records were searched for dogs with complete phase contrast, intracranial MR venograms and a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. Magnetic resonance venograms were retrieved for each dog and characteristics of the dorsal dural sinuses, symmetry of the transverse sinuses and other anatomic variations were recorded. A total of 51 dogs were included. Transverse sinus asymmetry was present in 58.8% of the dogs, with transverse sinus hypoplasia seen in 39.2%, and aplasia in 23.5% of dogs. For 70.6% of dogs, at least one anatomic variation in the dorsal sagittal sinus was observed, including deviation from the midline (33.3%) and collateral branches from either the dorsal sagittal sinus or dorsal cerebral veins (54.9%). In 5 dogs (9.8%) a vessel was also identified running from the proximal transverse sinus to the distal sigmoid sinus, in a similar location to the occipital sinus previously reported in children. Findings from this study indicated that, as in humans, anatomic variations are common in the intracranial dural venous sinus system of dogs. These anatomic variations should be taken into consideration for surgical planning or diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease.     

基于修正双作物系数模型估算温室黄瓜不同季节腾发量

为估算温室黄瓜植株蒸腾与土面蒸发,该研究基于FAO-56推荐的双作物系数模型,应用温室内实测微气象、叶面积指数(LAI)及土壤水分数据,对模型中基础作物系数(Kcb)和土面蒸发系数(Ke)进行修正,并基于修正后FAO-56Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型,确定温室参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0),进而估算温室黄瓜蒸发蒸腾量(ETc)和植株蒸腾(Tr)。基于Venlo型温室内黄瓜不同种植季节(春夏季和秋冬季)Lysimeter和茎流计观测的黄瓜ETc和Tr,对修正后的双作物系数模型预测结果进行验证。结果表明,应用修正后的双作物系数模型估算的温室黄瓜ETc和Tr与实测值具有较好地一致性,春夏季温室黄瓜全生育期ETc估算值与实测值的日均值分别为3.05和2.94 mm/d,秋冬季分别为2.53和2.76 mm/d。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季温室黄瓜日ETc的决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和模型效率系数(Ens)分别为0.95、0.41 mm/d和0.93;估算秋冬季ETc的误差计算结果依次为0.91(R2)、0.48 mm/d(RMSE)和0.90(Ens)。修正后的双作物系数模型估算春夏季日平均Tr与实测值分别为2.37和2.19mm/d,秋冬季分别为1.43和1.34 mm/d。研究结果还显示,不同种植季节温室黄瓜全生育期日平均Tr占ETc的比例分别为64.62%(春夏季)和68.59%(秋冬季)。该研究成果不仅为制定准确的温室黄瓜灌溉制度提供了理论依据,而且对实现温室环境智能化控制及减少温室内无效的土面蒸发具有重要意义。     

Two anatomic resources of canine pelvic limb muscles based on CT and MRI

Advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and three-dimensional (3D) modeling software provide the tools necessary to create sophisticated, interactive anatomic resources that can assist in the interpretation of MR images of extremities, and learning the structure and function of limb musculature. Modeling provides advantages over dissection or consultation of print atlases because of the associated speed, flexibility, 3D nature, and elimination of superimposed arrows and labels. Our goals were to create a diagnostic atlas of pelvic limb muscles that will facilitate interpretation of MR images of patients with muscle injury and to create a 3D model of the canine pelvic limb musculature to facilitate anatomic learning. To create these resources, we used structural segmentation of MR images, a process that groups image pixels into anatomically meaningful regions. The Diagnostic Atlas is an interactive, multiplanar, web-based MR atlas of the canine pelvic limb musculature that was created by manually segmenting clinically analogous MR sequences. Higher resolution volumetric MR and computed tomography (CT) data were segmented into separately labeled volumes of data and then transformed into a multilayered 3D computer model. The 3D Model serves as a resource for students of gross anatomy, encouraging integrative learning with its highly interactive and selective display capabilities. For clinicians, the 3D Model also serves to bridge the gap between topographic and tomographic anatomy, displaying both formats alongside, or even superimposed over each other. Both projects are hosted on an open-access website, http://3dvetanatomy.ncsu.edu/     

RADIOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE HEAD

Through the use of a purebred dog skull collection, specific positioning recommendations were established for radiography for the three skull types. It is suggested that the central ray of the beam be maintained at the following mean angles relative to the hard palate for the rostrodorsal-to-caudoventral oblique projection of the foramen magnum: dolicocephalic, 30° mesaticephalic, 20° and brachycephalic, 10°. It is recommended that the head be axially rotated as follows to radiographically separate the roots of the superior canine teeth: dolicocephalic, 48° mesaticephalic, 43° and brachycephalic, 35°. If only the cheek teeth require evaluation, the head should be rotated as follows: dolicocephalic, 37° mesaticephalic, 34° and brachycephalic, 25°. For evaluation of the inferior cheek teeth, it is recommended that the head be rotated as follows: dolicocephalic, 46° mesaticephalic, 44° and brachycephalic, 28°. It is recommended that radiographs of the temporo-mandibular joint be made with the skull axially rotated 10° and longitudinally obliqued as follows: dolicocephalic, 10° mesaticephalic, 14° and brachycephalic, 27°. Suggestions for open-mouth projections for evaluation of the tympanic bullae are that the central ray maintain the following angles relative to the hard palate: dolicocephalic, 4° mesaticephalic, 9° and brachycephalic, 21°. It is recommended that a caudoventral-rostrodorsal oblique projection of the nasal cavity made at 30° to the hard palate replace the open-mouth ventrodorsal in brachycephalic breeds.