耕层以下包气带中氮素蓄积的原位修复治理

耕层以下包气带土层中的氮素蓄积再释放是引起地下水污染的主要原因之一。将已优化制备的生物脱氮菌剂与白糖碳源共同施用，并于常规的田间施肥后在一定灌水量下以一定时段(3个月左右)观测，进行了现场原位修复治理试验研究。结果显示，实施该方法可有效去除耕层以下2．0m以浅主要发生氮蓄积的土壤层段中的高含量氮素，为防范地下水污染，消除潜在隐患，提供了科学依据。     

水生植物控制湖泊底泥营养盐释放的效果与机理

通过人工模拟的方法，进行了用狐尾藻、凤眼莲2种水生植物来控制湖泊底泥营养盐释放的研究。结果表明，水生植物能有效抑制底泥中TN、TP、硝态氮和氨态氮的释放；沉水植物狐尾藻比漂浮植物凤眼莲的效果好。底泥采取物理处理(塑料包被)后在短期内(15—20d)能暂时控制底泥中营养盐的释放，但不能保持长久，并在随后表现出一定的“补偿效应”。物理措施如底泥包被不是控制底泥营养盐释放的有效方法和根本途径，水生植物修复才能有效抑制底泥中营养盐的释放，今后将成为控制底泥中营养盐释放的发展方向。     

兽药新制剂促反刍LD50和安全性试验

对兽药新制剂促反刍注射液(CFC)进行了急性毒性试验、局部刺激试验和过敏性试验。用90只小白鼠按点斜法试验设计,以剂间比为1:0.8的7个剂量组测得CFC腹腔注射的LD_(50)为35.05mL/kg,95％置信区为31.2～39.39 mL/kg,相当于制剂主药总量5054～6389mg/g符合化学物质分级低毒级标准。证明CFC为低毒药物,无过敏性,比较安全。因此有轻度刺激性,适于静脉注射。     

Tracing the origin and fate of NOx in the Arctic atmosphere using stable isotopes in nitrate

Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx =NO+ NO2) play a pivotal role in the cycling of reactive nitrogen (ultimately deposited as nitrate) and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Combined measurements of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of nitrate collected in the Arctic atmosphere were used to infer the origin and fate of NOx and nitrate on a seasonal basis. In spring, photochemically driven emissions of reactive nitrogen from the snowpack into the atmosphere make local oxidation of NOx by bromine oxide the major contributor to the nitrate budget. The comprehensive isotopic composition of nitrate provides strong constraints on the relative importance of the key atmospheric oxidants in the present atmosphere, with the potential for extension into the past using ice cores.     

含有融合标记基因和LoxP／FRT位点的植物表达载体构建及应用

本研究利用化学合成法合成了包含pCAMBIA0390左右边界T-DNA和LoxP／FRT（LF）位点的DNA片段Ⅰ,利用SacⅡ和SphⅠ酶切位点,去除了pCAMBIA0390左右边界T—DNA和多克隆位点之间的序列,然后连接DNA片段Ⅰ和载体片段,构建了植物表达载体pGM323-LF-enTP。随后,再合成含有适合在单予叶植物中表达的由玉米Ubi-1启动子驱动的融合标记基因（Bar：：gus）和水稻actin-1启动子驱动的助抗虫蛋白基因（Cry1A6）表达元件的DNA片段Ⅳ,在pGM323～LF—enTP的基础上,利用5以Ⅰ和PstⅠ位点构建了同时含有LF位点、Bar：：gus以及Cry1Ab基因表达元件的表达载体pGM626-LF—ABt。利用含有pGM626-LF—ABt的农杆菌遗传转化烟草和玉米,以草丁膦作为抗性筛选剂,非转化细胞得到了有效抑制,快速获得了转基W植株,利用GUS组织化学检测和RT—PCR分析了转基因植株中标记基因的表达,结果表明pGM626-LF—ABt可以用于农杆菌介导的单、双子叶植物遗传转化。本研究为培育安全抗虫转基因植物奠定了基础。     

Absence of geographical structure of morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> L. subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oxycedrus</Emphasis> in the Balkan Peninsula

We examined leaf and mature seed cone variation of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in 12 natural populations across the species range in the Balkan Peninsula. We measured 10 morphological traits from a minimum of 100 leaves in each of 190 individuals, and two morphological traits from 30–50 seed cones in each of 94 females. High phenotypic variation was found, but no geographical structure or cline across populations was detected for any of the studied traits. Mean values of comparable leaf and cone morphological traits did not differ considerably from values reported elsewhere. Gender dimorphism in leaf morphology was detected, but it was not distributed uniformly throughout the studied area. An ANOVA model with both nested and crossed effects revealed that the largest proportion of the total variation was, as expected, contained within populations, partly as among-tree variation (18–47%, depending on the trait) and partly as within-tree variation (33–77%), which was remarkably high. Gender dimorphism explained only 0–3% of the total variation. Differences among populations (2–23%) were significant for all studied traits except one; however, PCA showed no clear geographical differentiation of the studied populations. This lack of phylogeographical structure may be the consequence of repeatedly occurring colonisation-retreat scenarios and suggests the existence of several small refugial populations scattered over a large part of the Balkan Peninsula in the Pleistocene. Further research including palaeobotanical and molecular genetic studies will be needed to better understand the forces that shaped current variation patterns of J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in the Balkan Peninsula.     

Vitamin D and sterol composition of 10 types of mushrooms from retail suppliers in the United States

Vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) and sterols were analyzed in mushrooms sampled nationwide in the United States to update the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Vitamin D(2) was assayed using HPLC with [(3)H]-vitamin D(3) internal standard and sterols by GC-FID mass spectrometric (MS) confirmation. Vitamin D(2) was low (0.1-0.3 μg/100 g) in Agaricus bisporus (white button, crimini, portabella) and enoki, moderate in shiitake and oyster (0.4-0.7 μg/100 g), and high in morel, chanterelle, maitake (5.2-28.1 μg/100 g) and UV-treated portabella (3.4-20.9 μg/100 g), with significant variability among composites for some types. Ergosterol (mg/100 g) was highest in maitake and shiitake (79.2, 84.9) and lowest in morel and enoki (26.3, 35.5); the range was <10 mg/100 g among white button composites but 12-50 mg/100 g among samples of other types. All mushrooms contained ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) (3.53-18.0 mg/100 g) and (except morel) ergosta-7-enol. Only morel contained brassicasterol (28.6 mg/100 g) and campesterol (1.23-4.54 mg/100 g) and no ergosta-7,22-dienol. MS was critical in distinguishing campesterol from ergosta-7,22-dienol.     

Antimicrobial potential of egg yolk ovoinhibitor, a multidomain Kazal-like inhibitor of chicken egg

Chicken egg ovoinhibitor is a multidomain Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor with unknown function. Comparison of expression between different tissues indicated that ovoinhibitor is highly expressed in the magnum and liver followed by the uterus, which secrete egg white, egg yolk, and eggshell precursors, respectively. The results also revealed that ovoinhibitor expression is increased in the liver during sexual maturation followed by a subsequent decrease in mature hens. Ovoinhibitor was purified from the egg yolk plasma from nonfertilized eggs using two consecutive affinity chromatographies and gel filtration. Purified egg yolk ovoinhibitor was shown to inhibit trypsin and subtilisin. It was shown that purified egg yolk ovoinhibitor exhibited antimicrobial activities against Bacillus thuringiensis . The results suggest that this anti-protease plays a significant role in antibacterial egg defense against Bacillus spp., preventing contamination of table eggs (nonfertilized eggs) and protecting the chick embryo (fertilized eggs).     

Comparison of a rebound and an applanation tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure in normal rabbits

Objective To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements made on healthy adult rabbits without the effect of tranquilizers using the new applanation tonometer, Tono‐Pen Avia^®, and the rebound tonometer Tonovet^®. Methods Intraocular pressure was measured throughout the day (6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 h) in 38 adult New Zealand White rabbits (76 eyes). The animals were 20 males and 18 females, with a mean weight of 3.5 kg and an average age of 6 months. A complete ocular exam (including Schirmer tear test, fluorescein staining, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, and direct ophthalmoscopy) was performed on all animals at the beginning of the trial. Rebound tonometry was performed, and after 10 min, anesthetic drops were instilled and applanation tonometry was carried out. IOP values obtained using the two techniques were analyzed statistically. Results The mean IOP was 9.51 ± 2.62 mmHg with Tonovet^®, and 15.44 ± 2.16 mmHg with the Tono‐Pen Avia^®. Significant differences between measurements with the two tonometers were observed (P < 0.001). The linear regression equation describing the relationship between the two tonometers was y = 0.4923x + 10.754 (y = Tonovet^® and x = Tono‐Pen Avia^®). High IOPs were recorded in the early measurements (6:00), but the average IOPs from both devices were statistically similar throughout the day (P = 0.086). The correlation coefficient was r² = 0.357. No significant difference in IOP regarding gender was observed. Conclusion The Tono‐Pen Avia^® recorded higher levels of IOP compared with the Tonovet^®. Early in the day, the IOP of rabbits was higher than later in the day, regardless of the tonometer used.