Collection of plant-genetic resources in the Georgian SSR 1986

Summary After having finished in 1985 the collection of plant-genetic resources in Western Georgia (the results have been summarized in some tables) joint activities for the collection of indigenous taxa of cultivated plants began for Eastern regions of the Georgian SSR in 1986. The mission took place within the rayon Dueti, which is highly differentiated in geographical respect and stretches beyond the main ridge of the Great Caucasus. Althogether 265 samples could be collected, grain legumes and vegetables represent the most numerous groups but the amount of cereal accessions is not much less; this contrasts sharply with the results from the missions in Western Georgia. The gene-erosion is very advanced in Dueti too, especially for cereals.Triticum carthlicum, T. dicoccon and naked barleys have disappeared within the last decades from the fields. However in isolated settlements the cultivation of old local races ofT. aestivum as well as of barley and rye had been maintained up till now. For breeding purposes and botanically interesting material could be collected also from vegetables, spice plants and grain legumes. Some examples have been shortly characterized.

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Sammlung pflanzen-genetischer Ressourcen in der Georgischen SSR 1986

Zusammenfassung Nachdem 1985 die Sammlungen pflanzen-genetischer Ressourcen in Westgeorgien abgeschlossen wurden (in einigen Tabellen werden die Sammelergebnisse kurz zusammengefaßt), wurde 1986 die gemeinsame Sammeltätigkeit zur Erfassung indigener Kulturpflanzen-Sippen in östlichen Gebieten der Georgischen SSR aufgenommen. Die Reise führte in den Rayon Dueti, der geographisch sehr differenziert ist und bis jenseits des Kaukasus-Hauptkammes reicht. Es konnten insgesamt 265 Proben gesammelt werden, unter denen Körnerleguminosen und Gemüse den Hauptanteil einnehmen, denen aber die Getreide (im Gegensatz zu den Sammelergebnissen in Westgeorgien) nur wenig nachstehen. Die Generosion ist auch hier vor allem bei den Getreiden sehr weit fortgeschritten;Triticum carthlicum, T. dicoccon sowie Nacktgersten sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten aus dem Anbau verschwunden. Jedoch hat sich in entlegenen Siedlungen noch die Kultur alter Lokalsorten vonTr. aestivum sowie von Gerste und Roggen erhalten. Auch von Gemüsen, Gewürzpflanzen und Körnerleguminosen konnte botanisch und züchterisch interessantes Material gesammelt werden. Einige Beispiele davon werden kurz charakterisiert.

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- 1986

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Sexual dimorphism,survival and dispersal in red deer

A detailed and extensive mark-recapture-recovery study of red deer on the island of Rum forms the basis of the modeling of this article. We analyze male and female deer separately, and report results for both in this article, but use the female data to demonstrate our modeling approach. We provide a model-selection procedure that allows us to describe the survival by a combination of age-classes, with common survival within each class, and senility, which is modeled continuously as a parametric function of age. Dispersal out of the study area is modeled separately. Survival and dispersal probabilities are examined for the possible influence of both environmental and individual covariates, including a range of alternative measures of population density. The resulting model is succinct and biologically realistic. We compare and contrast survival rates of male and female deer of different ages and compare the factors that affect their survival. We demonstrate large differences in the rate of senescence between males and females even though their senescence begins at the same age. The differences between the sexes suggest that, in population modeling of sexually size-dimorphic species, it is important to identify sex-specific survival functions.     

Birds like it Corky: the influence of habitat features and management of ‘montados’ in breeding bird communities

In the southwest part of the Iberian Peninsula the dominant land-use are the Portuguese montados and Spanish dehesas, parkland forested areas of anthropogenic origin dominated by cork oak. They form a wooded matrix with open areas, scattered woodlands and undisturbed patches of Mediterranean forest and scrublands. The montados are characterized by a rich bird community. We have focus our study in a multidisciplinary approach, evaluating how management and landscape patterns influence the bird community in order to identify potential threats to its conservation. The study was conducted in the Site of Community Importance of Serra de Monfurado were 70% of the area is cork and holm oaks. We used data from 120 10-min point counts. Using variation partitioning, we determined the independent and joint effects of Forest, Management and Habitat variables. The variation captured in bird assemblage was 65.06%. Most of the explained variation was related to the Habitat and Management variables. The explanatory variables that were high-lighted as important predictors were variables that reflected tree and shrub density and cork removal. Modelling for forest species through generalized linear models (GLM) emphasize that the management plays an important role in the species distribution. The most important variables selected in models reflected cattle grazing and cork removal. Our results point out that the type of management is crucial to maintain the equilibrium in bird community associated to montados. Farmland and forest species will benefit from areas with different tree densities, small patches of Mediterranean scrubs in the understory and correct livestock numbers.     

Forest structure, composition, and tree diversity response to a gradient of regeneration harvests in the mid-Cumberland Plateau escarpment region, USA

Upland hardwood stands on mesic, escarpment-oriented sites on the Cumberland Plateau region of northeastern Alabama provide a myriad management opportunities. Stands are primarily managed for Quercus, but the high species diversity allows for management that targets multiple species. Stand composition is unique in that dominant species include shade tolerant species such as Acer saccharum, intermediate tolerant Quercus spp. and Carya spp., and intolerant Liriodendron tulipifera. Three replications of five levels of disturbance were created to assess species compositional changes; disturbances included three levels of harvest intensity, a mid-story herbicide treatment, and a control. After eight growing seasons, there were no discernable differences in species richness, diversity or evenness. Importance values based on relative basal area and relative density also changed little, except for clearcuts where L. tulipifera greatly increased. An initial gradient in basal area, canopy cover, and light created by harvesting or thinning dissipated following five growing seasons. Options exist for future stand management, including promoting two-aged or uneven-aged systems. Maintenance of Quercus will require additional tending.     

外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天吸收和积累锌的影响

通过溶液培养试验,比较研究了外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天生长和锌吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,外加柠檬酸或草酸能明显增强非超积累生态型东南景天的耐锌毒能力,叶片、茎和根系的生物量均有增加;而对锌超积累生态型东南景天的生长没有显著性影响。外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸,锌超积累生态型根系Zn含量显著增加,但叶片和茎组织中Zn含量无明显变化;而非超积累生态型叶片、茎和根系Zn含量均显著增加,尤其是根系Zn含量,与单独Zn处理相比外源有机酸处理增加4～5倍。同样,外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸明显提高Zn在非超积累生态型根系和地上部的积累量,且对地上部Zn积累量的促进程度大于根部;柠檬酸的促进作用又比草酸及2种酸混合处理高1倍。然而,有机酸处理对Zn超积累生态型根系Zn积累量有所增加,但对叶片和茎中Zn积累量无影响。叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量也受外源有机酸的影响,2种生态型叶片、茎中水溶态Zn含量均受有机酸处理而提高。Zn超积累生态型叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量占总Zn含量比例也受有机酸处理而增大,但非超积累生态型则显著降低。上述结果表明,柠檬酸和草酸可能作为其Zn吸收的配基,促进根系对Zn吸收与积累,叶片和茎中的Zn可能与可溶性有机化合物或无机盐结合。     

Collection of Lupinus angustifolius L. Germplasm and Characterisation of Morphological and Molecular Diversity

Lupinus angustifolius L. is a Mediterranean species, domesticated in the 20th century, representing an important grain legume crop in Australia and other countries. This work is focused on the collection of wild germplasm and on the characterisation of morphological and molecular diversity of germplasm accessions. It reports the collection of 81 wild L. angustifolius accessions from the South and Centre of Portugal, available at the ‘Instituto Superior de Agronomia Gene Bank’, with subsequent morphological and molecular characterisation of a selection of these and other accessions. A multivariate analysis of morphological traits on 88 L. angustifolius accessions (including 59 wild Portuguese accessions, 15 cultivars and 14 breeding lines) showed a cline of variation on wild germplasm, with plants from Southern Portugal characterised by earlier flowering, higher vegetative development and larger seeds. AFLP and ISSR molecular markers grouped modern cultivars as sub-clusters within the wider diversity of wild germplasm, revealing the narrow pool of genetic diversity on which domesticated accessions are based. The importance of preserving, characterising and using wild genetic resources for L. angustifolius crop improvement is outlined by the results obtained.     

Determination of monounsaturated alkyl side chain 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated foods

The 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) are formed from triglycerides by irradiation treatment and may be used as markers for this type of food processing. This paper describes a detection method for the analysis of monounsaturated alkyl side chain 2-ACBs, which is formed upon irradiation from monounsaturated fatty acids which frequently are the most abundant fatty acids in foods. The estimated radioproduction yields of the cis-2-(dodec-5'-enyl)-cyclobutanones (cis-2-dDeCB) and the cis-2-(tetradec-5'-enyl)-cyclobutanones (cis-2-tDeCB) were 1.0 +/- 0.5 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 nmol.mmol(-1) precursor fatty acid.kGy(-1), respectively, being similar to that of saturated 2-ACBs. The stability study of the s- and mu-2-ACBs in poultry meat samples irradiated at 10 kGy and stored for 3-4 weeks at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C showed that these compounds undergo some transformation, their amounts being reduced by about 50%. These storage losses did not depend on the saturation state of the alkyl side chain. The EI-MS detection limit of 2-tDeCB is 3 times higher (0.6 pmol) than that of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (0.2 pmol). Consequently, when the oleic acid content of the analyzed food exceeds the content of palmitic acid by a factor of 3, it would be of an advantage to apply 2-tDeCB as a marker for detection of the irradiation treatment.     

丹江口水库水源区水土保持生态环境建设与发展对策

河南省淅川县是南水北调中线工程渠首所在地。全面地分析了该县水土流失的原因、危害。查找了水土保持工作存在的主要问题 ,并提出了淅川县今后水土保持生态环境建设与发展对策。     

Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus peels

The effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from Citrus unshiu peels was evaluated. Citrus peels (CP) (5 g) were placed in Pyrex Petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and heat-treated at 50, 100, or 150 degrees C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min in an electric muffle furnace. After heat treatment, 70% ethanol extract (EE) and water extract (WE) (0.1 g/10 mL) of CP were prepared, and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of CP extracts increased as heating temperature increased. For example, heat treatment of CP at 150 degrees C for 60 min increased the TPC, RSA, and reducing power of EE from 71.8 to 171.0 microM, from 29.64 to 64.25%, and from 0.45 to 0.82, respectively, compared to non-heat-treated control. In the case of WE from CP heat-treated at the same conditions (150 degrees C for 60 min), the TPC, RSA, and reducing power also increased from 84.4 to 204.9 microM, from 15.81 to 58.26%, and from 0.27 to 0.96, respectively. Several low molecular weight phenolic compounds such as 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldoxime, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2,3-diacetyl-1-phenylnaphthalene, and vanillic acid were newly formed in the CP heated at 150 degrees C for 30 min. These results indicated that the antioxidant activity of CP extracts was significantly affected by heating temperature and duration of treatment on CP and that the heating process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant activity of CP.