Residual plant nutrients in crop residues – an important resource

With increasing demand for sustainable production, the need to effectively utilise site-based resources increases. One such resource is the remaining crop residues, both above and below ground, after harvest. In order to assess the magnitude of this resource, this study determined the plant nutrient contribution of residues from 17 different crops in seven different regions of Slovakia over a nine-year period. The soil profile 0.0–0.3?m was taken into account at belowground residues sampling. The results showed that winter rape, mustard, corn maize, triticale, winter rye with straw and sunflower left the most residues, exceeding 8 tons of dry biomass per hectare. Root crops (sugar beet, potatoes) and peas left less than 3 tons of residual dry biomass per hectare. Using these data, the nutrient potential coefficient, i.e. the amount of nutrients left by production of one ton of the main product was calculated by polynomial regression. With these coefficients and the known yield of a given crop, it was possible to calculate how much nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium each crop leaves in the soil after harvest. It was found that the amount of nitrogen left ranged from 20 to 132?kg, phosphorus from 2 to 24?kg and potassium from 13 to 218?kg per hectare. This has to be taken into account when calculating the fertiliser requirement of the subsequent crop in order to achieve better resource utilisation, thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication and improving farm profits by reducing expenditure on fertiliser.     

浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真分析

浓缩风能装置是浓缩风能型风力发电机组的主要部件之一,其结构直接影响机组输出功率的大小。为了提高浓缩风能装置的浓缩效率,以浓缩风能装置为研究对象,应用三维建模软件与CFD(computational fluid dynamics)软件建立了几何模型与网格模型。基于上述模型,提出应用数值模拟方法对浓缩风能装置内部流场进行仿真分析,并通过比较分析不同湍流模型下的内部流场特性,得知标准κ-ω湍流模型更加适用于浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真。基于上述浓缩风能装置模型和湍流模型,分别对不同尺寸参数的浓缩风能装置内部流场特性进行仿真分析,得到了扩散角对浓缩风能装置内部流场特性的影响比收缩角、中央圆筒长度的影响大的规律,此规律为浓缩风能装置结构优化与设计提供了依据,优化后的结构能明显提高风能品质和风电机组输出功率。     

基于HYDRUS对稻田不同阶段土壤水分的模拟与分析

为探寻稻田不同阶段土壤水分状况下的差异性,基于重庆丘陵区紫色土常规轮作水稻土壤水分的连续监测数据,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对稻田淹水、排水落干和收获后3个不同干湿阶段(阶段Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)的土壤水力参数和土壤含水量开展验证模拟分析.研究表明：(1)根据R²与RMSE的误差分析结果,HYDRUS可以实现对不同阶段稻田土壤水分变化的有效模拟.(2)根据土壤水量平衡分析,阶段Ⅰ的稻田土壤水分以水分补充的形式为主;阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ的土壤水分以水分损失为主,底层渗漏量分别占总水分损失量的52%和95%.(3)根据HYDRUS的模拟结果,降雨直接影响土壤上下边界流的变化;阶段Ⅱ的实际作物蒸腾量和实际地表蒸发量低于阶段Ⅰ的,阶段Ⅲ稻田土壤的地表实际蒸发量与日照时数的关系更密切.     

兽药新制剂促反刍LD50和安全性试验

对兽药新制剂促反刍注射液(CFC)进行了急性毒性试验、局部刺激试验和过敏性试验。用90只小白鼠按点斜法试验设计,以剂间比为1:0.8的7个剂量组测得CFC腹腔注射的LD_(50)为35.05mL/kg,95％置信区为31.2～39.39 mL/kg,相当于制剂主药总量5054～6389mg/g符合化学物质分级低毒级标准。证明CFC为低毒药物,无过敏性,比较安全。因此有轻度刺激性,适于静脉注射。     

多效抗旱驱鼠剂的苗木处理方法与效果

研究结果显示,利用多效抗旱驱鼠剂150倍水溶液兑成泥浆,对裸根苗进行蘸根处理,或用多效抗旱驱鼠剂400～800倍水溶液,在容器苗出圃前进行浇灌,可有效地预防甘肃鼢鼠、草兔和牛羊的危害,同时,能显著地提高苗木定植后的抗旱能力.2 a生油松和侧柏定植3 a后,苗木保存率比对照分别提高80.8和73.2,综合预防效果分别为83.7和90.7.苗木保存率及综合预防效果与造林方式、林型和试验地所处的立地有直接的关系,苗木保存率林缘、路旁低于林中,但其综合预防效果差异不明显.施用多效抗旱驱鼠剂的苗木,促长增益指数为0     

棉花SSR-PCR过程中聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳操作常见问题的解决与优化

在大批量聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳过程中,难免会出现条带空白、弯曲或者拖尾等各种异常现象。本文以棉花DNA为例,综述了多年实验操作中遇到的突发情况及解决方法,为广大科研工作者提供参考。     

A user-centric approach for information modelling in arable farming

Agriculture and farmers face a great challenge in effectively manage information both internally and externally in order to improve the economic and operational efficiency of operations, reduce environmental impact and comply with various documentation requirements. As a part of meeting this challenge, the flow of information between decisions processes defined as realizing a decision must be analyzed and modelled as a prerequisite for the subsequent design, construction and implementation of information systems.This paper defines the actors, their role and communication specifics associated with the various decision and control processes in farmers’ information management. Core-task analysis and core task demands from earlier research are utilised as premises for the modelling of information flow from the farmers’ point of view. A user-friendly generic FMIS design reference model is the primary objective for the study in which planning, execution and evaluation measures have been incorporated.A user-centric approach to model the information flows for targeted field operations is presented. The information models are centred around the farmer as the principal decision maker and involves external entities as well as mobile unit entities as the main information producers. This is a detailed approach to information modelling that will enable the generation of a Farm Management Information System in crop production.     

Evolution of forest cover in Portugal: A review of the 12th–20th centuries

Portugal's forests in the 12th century were dominated by the Fagaceae represented by Quercus and Castanea, and several pine species.From the 12th century onwards, forests underwent changes in their management starting with protection and ultimately leading to intense exploitation. The massive naval construction during the maritime expansion(mainly in the 15th–16th centuries) involved felling of approximately 5 million trees mainly Quercus suber, Pinus pinea and other Quercus species. Cumulative fuel-wood consumption of 959 Mm3 during 1300–1854 was attributed to demographic expansion while the deforestation rate during 1636–1854 accounted for a minimum of 72.6% and a maximum of 96% of total forest cover. The volume of timber used in railway sleepers from 1856 onwards might have reached 0.5 Mm3. The last quarter of the 20th century increased the forest cover of Portugal through the World Bank program of Eucalyptus globulus reforestation.     

Stomatal response of an anisohydric grapevine cultivar to evaporative demand, available soil moisture and abscisic acid

Stomatal responsiveness to evaporative demand (air vapour pressure deficit (VPD)) ranges widely between species and cultivars, and mechanisms for stomatal control in response to VPD remain obscure. The interaction of irrigation and soil moisture with VPD on stomatal conductance is particularly difficult to predict, but nevertheless is critical to instantaneous transpiration and vulnerability to desiccation. Stomatal sensitivity to VPD and soil moisture was investigated in Semillon, an anisohydric Vitis vinifera L. variety whose leaf water potential (Ψ(l)) is frequently lower than that of other grapevine varieties grown under similar conditions in the warm grape-growing regions of Australia. A survey of Semillon vines across seven vineyards revealed that, regardless of irrigation treatment, midday Ψ(l) was dependent on not only soil moisture but VPD at the time of measurement. Predawn Ψ(l) was more closely correlated to not only soil moisture in dry vineyards but to night-time VPD in drip-irrigated vineyards, with incomplete rehydration during high night-time VPD. Daytime stomatal conductance was low only under severe plant water deficits, induced by extremes in dry soil. Stomatal response to VPD was inconsistent across irrigation regime; however, in an unirrigated vineyard, stomatal sensitivity to VPD-the magnitude of stomatal response to VPD-was heightened under dry soils. It was also found that stomatal sensitivity was proportional to the magnitude of stomatal conductance at a reference VPD of 1kPa. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applied to roots of Semillon vines growing in a hydroponic system induced stomatal closure and, in field vines, petiole xylem sap ABA concentrations rose throughout the morning and were higher in vines with low Ψ(l). These data indicate that despite high stomatal conductance of this anisohydric variety when grown in medium to high soil moisture, increased concentrations of ABA as a result of very limited soil moisture may augment stomatal responsiveness to low VPD.     

Phytophthora citrophthora,a new pathogen causing decline on horse chestnut in Turkey

Dieback symptoms were observed on horse chestnut trees planted approximately 40 years ago in Ankara, Turkey. Lesions at the stem bases of the affected trees were similar to those of ink disease on sweet chestnut. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated from the fine roots and soil samples collected around the stem bases by baiting using chestnut leaves. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora citrophthora based on several morphological features and DNA sequences of the ITS region. Pathogenicity of P. citrophthora was tested by stem inoculation on 3‐year‐old horse chestnut saplings. P. citrophthora produced large cankers in 20 days and killed 40% of the saplings. This is the first report of P. citrophthora causing dieback on horse chestnut.