地形因子与人工林土壤有机碳密度的关系——以晋西黄土丘陵区为例

为了探究晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林下土壤有机碳密度的性质,在该区选取了4种典型人工林配置模式,对其土壤上层(0 ～20 cm)和下层(20 ～40 cm)的有机碳密度进行了测定和比较,分析了不同人工林下土壤有机碳密度分布的特性.借助普通最小二乘法(OLS),对地形因子与土壤有机碳密度之间的量化关系进行了分析.结果表明:土壤碳密度与全N、水解性N均在0.01水平上显著正相关.林下的土壤碳密度排序为针阔混交林＞人工针叶林＞人工阔叶林＞灌木林.土壤碳密度在不同地形条件下存在差异,但地形差异只能解释土壤碳密度差异的18.4％.土壤碳密度随着坡度的增大而减少,从阳坡到阴坡不断增加,坡面位置的分布特征则为坡顶＜坡面＜坡脚.     

西瓜核心种质遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

深入了解西瓜核心种质资源的群体结构及遗传多样性,可以准确指导亲本间杂交组合的有效配置,避免具有相似遗传背景材料的组合,以便提高育种效率。据此,本研究通过采用45对具有多态性的SSR标记对不同来源的78份西瓜核心种质进行了多元统计分析。结果表明,45个SSR标记共检测出175个位点,其中具有多态性位点数为165个,多态性比率达95.41%,且每对引物平均检测到等位基因位点3.67个,PIC大小范围在0.049~0.781之间,平均值为0.415,其有效等位基因数(Ne)、期望杂合度(He)、观测杂合度(Ho)、多样性指数(I)及Nei's基因多样性指数(H)在该群体水平上分别为2.258、0.479、0.521、0.850和0.476,同时筛选出了28对多态性高、带型稳定、易于统计的核心引物,构建了78份西瓜核心种质的SSR指纹图谱。群体结构分析表明,78份西瓜核心种质资源划分为2大类群和4个亚群,其中来自不同地域的美国材料和日本材料分别独立趋于2大类群中,而中国种质材料普遍交叉分布于2大类群中,且各亚群之间存在着明显的基因交流,分子方差分析表明种质间遗传多样性主要存在于品种间和居群间。     

Selective solid-phase extraction of Sudan I in chilli sauce by single-hole hollow molecularly imprinted polymers

A new single-hole hollow molecularly imprinted polymer (SHH-MIP) was prepared by multistep seed swelling polymerization using Sudan I as template molecule and successfully applied to selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Sudan dyes in chilli sauce samples. The polymers possessed high specific surface area obtained by nitrogen adsorption and good thermal stability without decomposition lower than 380 °C by thermogravimetry analysis. Much higher binding capacity was exhibited than with irregular solid MIP prepared by bulk polymerization, because most of the binding sites were located in the surface of the polymers, facilitating template removal and mass transfer. Accordingly, the SHH-MIP was employed as SPE adsorbent for chilli sauce analysis and offered high recoveries for Sudan I in the range of 87.5-103.4% with the precision of 1.94-5.33% at three spiked levels. The SHH-MIP with high selectivity and high stability was demonstrated to be potentially applicable for high selective preconcentration and determination of trace Sudan dyes in complicated samples.     

Molecularly imprinted photonic hydrogels as colorimetric sensors for rapid and label-free detection of vanillin

A novel colorimetric sensor for the rapid and label-free detection of vanillin, based on the combination of photonic crystal and molecular imprinting technique, was developed. The sensing platform of molecularly imprinted photonic hydrogel (MIPH) was prepared by a noncovalent and self-assembly approach using vanillin as a template molecule. Morphology characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the MIPH possessed a highly ordered three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure with nanocavities. The vanillin recognition events of the created nonocavities could be directly transferred into readable optical signals through a change in Bragg diffraction of the ordered macropores array of MIPH. The Bragg diffraction peak shifted from 451 to 486 nm when the concentration of the vanillin was increased from 10?12 to 10?3 mol L?1 within 60 s, whereas there were no obvious peak shifts for methyl and ethyl vanillin, indicating that the MIPH had high selectivity and rapid response for vanillin. The adsorption results showed that the hierarchical porous structure and homogeneous layers were formed in the MIPH with higher adsorption capacity. The application of such a label-free sensor with high selectivity, high sensitivity, high stability, and easy operation might offer a potential method for rapid real-time detection of trace vanillin.     

Structural Characterization and Heparanase Inhibitory Activity of Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria floridana

Unique fucosylated glycosaminoglycans (FG) have attracted increasing attention for various bioactivities. However, the precise structures of FGs usually vary in a species-specific manner. In this study, HfFG was isolated from Holothuria floridana and purified by anion exchange chromatography with the yield of ~0.9%. HfFG was composed of GlcA, GalNAc and Fuc, its molecular weight was 47.3 kDa, and the -OSO₃⁻/-COO⁻ molar ratio was 3.756. HfFG was depolymerized by a partial deacetylation–deaminative cleavage method to obtain the low-molecular-weight HfFG (dHfFG). Three oligosaccharide fragments (Fr-1, Fr-2, Fr-3) with different molecular weights were isolated from the dHfFG, and their structures were revealed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. HfFG should be composed of repeating trisaccharide units -{(L-FucS-α1,3-)d-GlcA-β1,3-d-GalNAc_4S6S-β1,4-}-, in which sulfated fucose (FucS) includes Fuc_2S4S, Fuc_3S4S and Fuc_4S residues linked to O-3 of GlcA in a ratio of 45:35:20. Furthermore, the heparanase inhibitory activities of native HfFG and oligosaccharide fragments (Fr-1, Fr-2, Fr-3) were evaluated. The native HfFG and its oligosaccharides exhibited heparanase inhibitory activities, and the activities increased with the increase of molecular weight. Additionally, structural characteristics such as sulfation patterns, the terminal structure of oligosaccharides and the presence of fucosyl branches may be important factors affecting heparanase inhibiting activity.     

野生牧草驯化和牧草引种栽培观察(1988～1989年)

在亚热带鄂中丘陵区对几种野生牧草和栽培种牧草进行了试种、驯化工作.野生草种在管理粗放和土壤肥力低的条件下,生产良好,结籽较多,其中野大豆青草产量为700～1300公斤/亩,纤毛鹅冠草883公斤/亩.人工栽培种冬牧70青草产量为1 354公斤/亩,是比较好的青贮作物.     

吉林西部苏打盐碱土在不同添加物下水分入渗特性

依据土壤水动力学理论,基于室内一维土柱入渗试验,选用稻壳、玉米秸秆、河沙3种材料作为添加物,分别将添加物以不同掺量与土壤均匀混合对苏打盐碱土进行入渗试验,从累计入渗量、入渗速率、湿润锋运移距离等方面研究苏打盐碱土在不同添加物及不同掺量下水分的入渗特性。结果表明:对照组土壤入渗量为3 mm·d~(-1),混掺1%稻壳、玉米秸秆时土壤入渗量分别为7.08、7.37 mm·d~(-1),混掺3%稻壳、玉米秸秆时土壤入渗量分别为18.9、23.07 mm·d~(-1),混掺5%稻壳、玉米秸秆时土壤入渗量分别为21.17、28.5 mm·d~(-1)。对照组土壤稳定入渗速率为0.04 mm·h~(-1),混掺1%、3%、5%稻壳土壤稳定入渗速率分别为0.17、0.55、0.60 mm·h~(-1),混掺1%、3%、5%玉米秸秆土壤稳定入渗速率分别为0.25、0.70、1.00 mm·h~(-1),混掺25%、40%、55%河沙土壤稳定入渗速率为0.08、0.09、0.10 mm·h~(-1)。对照组土壤湿润锋运移距离为4.9 cm,混掺1%、3%、5%稻壳土壤湿润锋运移距离分别为10.1、30、38.3 cm,混掺1%、3%、5%玉米秸秆土壤湿润锋运移距离分别为11.6、32、47 cm,混掺25%、40%、55%河沙土壤湿润锋运移距离分别为6.5、7.8、9 cm。混掺5%玉米秸秆可以大幅度增加土壤累计入渗量,提高水分入渗速率,浸润范围可以到达作物根系。因此选用5%玉米秸秆掺量与土壤混掺,可提升吉林西部苏打盐碱土入渗效果,有利于综合提高土壤水分入渗和保水性能。     

大豆茎生长习性分类方法的研究--有限型与无限型茎顶的特征与识别标记

大豆有限型与无限型茎生长习性主要区别在于：前茎顶有顶生总状花序（或花序轴、或英簇）、三裂苞片、小苞片；后茎顶有复叶及其托叶（2个，生于复叶基部两侧）。针对大豆有限型和无限型茎顶性状发育的不同特点，提出稳定的识别标记及适用时期。     

中国气候变化对农作物育种策略影响探究

气候变化直接影响农作物产量,根据生产实际和气候特征,因地制宜选育农作物新品种,对保障中国粮食安全具有重要的意义。本文利用1979—2014年中国粮食主产区和西北地区气象站点数据及粮食产量数据,通过进一步的统计分析,明确粮食产量与气候变化特征。结果表明：中国东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域地区和西北地区年平均气温增幅均值分别为0.30℃/10 a、0.37℃/10 a、0.38℃/10 a和0.48℃/10 a,与粮食产量相关性显著;年平均气温空间上从南到北、从东到西呈降低趋势;由于热量资源分布不均导致各地区年降水量变化差异显著,但与粮食产量相关性不显著。粮食作物应以优质、高产、多抗以及适宜于机械化生产为原则,采用传统育种和现代分子生物学技术相结合的育种策略,重点提高东北地区水稻品种的耐涝性和抗倒性,黄淮海和长江流域地区水稻品种的耐高温性,西北地区晚稻品种的耐低温性,以及各地区小麦和玉米品种的耐旱性。     

机收再生稻履带窄幅化改制及宽窄行配套栽插减损效果研究初报

研究旨在探讨有效降低再生稻头季机收对蓄留稻桩的碾压损伤,提高再生季产量和生产效益。通过收割机履带窄幅化改制及宽窄行配套栽插大区比较试验,调查分析了宽窄行栽插对再生稻头季生物量的影响,验证了窄幅履带的减损效果。结果表明：相比等行距栽插,宽窄行栽插有效增加头季稻群体生物量、成穗率和产量;同时,宽窄行栽插有效降低履带对蓄留稻桩的碾压面积,减少机收碾压对再生季产量损失,实现增产增效。使用窄幅履带机收配套宽窄行栽插可实现两季总产量16309.22 kg/hm²,比对照增产2206.2 kg/hm²、增幅15.64%;宽窄行栽插实现再生季产量5897.87 kg/hm²,比对照增产807.41 kg/hm²、增幅15.86%;使用窄幅履带机收较宽履带减少再生季产量损失1288.16 kg/hm²,损失率下降了19.8%。该试验形成了相关的技术模式,具有成本低、易操作、效果好等特点,适合丘陵山区再生稻生产区推广应用。