松瘿小卷蛾生物学特性的研究

松瘿小卷蛾Ｌａｓｐｅｙｒｅｓｉａ ｚｅｂｅａｎａ（Ｒａｔｚ）是落叶松人工林一种重要的枝梢害虫。在黑龙江省两年发生一代，跨３个年度。当年和翌年９月未或１０月初分别以幼龄幼虫和老龄幼虫越冬，第３年度５月初开始化蛹；５月下旬开始羽化，５月末开始产卵，６月中，下旬幼虫孵化。幼虫期有两种寄生蜂，寄生率为２５％左右。     

长期秸秆还田对污染农田土壤与农产品重金属的影响

在浙东某地选择一污染农田,布设了秸秆还田、秸秆不还田、秸秆还田+石灰及秸秆不还田+石灰4个处理试验,进行了为期9年的土壤、秸秆、谷物、蔬菜等农产品中重金属动态监测。结果表明,污染农田中施用石灰可明显降低水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属的积累,但对土壤重金属含量影响不明显;施用石灰对水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属降低作用随试验时间逐渐减弱。与秸秆不还田比较,秸秆还田在短期内对土壤、水稻秸秆和蔬菜重金属积累的影响较小,但4~5年后秸秆不还田农田土壤镉、汞积累及水稻秸秆和蔬菜中镉、铅、汞积累明显低于秸秆还田农田,对土壤中铅积累的影响较小;随着试验时间的增加,秸秆还田与秸秆不还田农田之间土壤、水稻谷物及蔬菜中重金属积累的差异逐渐加大。秸秆还田农田土壤有机质和速效钾含量高于秸秆不还田农田。研究结果表明,在镉、汞污染农田中长期推行秸秆还田不利于农产品质量的提高,应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田。     

IMPROVING NITROGEN SAFETY IN CHINA: NITROGEN FLOWS,POLLUTION AND CONTROL

● It is necessary to address the N flows and their impacts on environment in China for sustainable N management. ● Barriers include better understanding of N cycle mechanisms and improving low cost abatement technologies are needed to overcome. ● Integrated measures and policies are crucial for the abatement of adverse impacts of N. The impacts of nitrogen on environmental quality, greenhouse gas balances, ecosystem and biodiversity in China are of great concern given the magnitude of demand for food and energy. Comprehensive summaries of historic N flows and their critical threats and sustainable management are urgently needed. This paper initially reviews the historical trends of N flows in China and identifies the critical threats of N loss. Subsequently, it describes some recent success stories of N management, and finally indicates barriers to N pollution control. This review highlights three key points. Firstly, a steady increase of N input in China has led to a series of environmental problems via leaching and runoff, ammonia emissions and denitrification. Secondly, although great efforts to improve N management and N safety in China, further quantifications of N flows and analysis of their underlying mechanisms are needed to improve the understanding of the N cycle and pollution control. Finally, it proposes that the best available technologies combined with regulatory plans, laws, projects and policies should be implemented to overcome current barriers in N control and achieve a balance between the sustainable use of N resources and environmental conservation in China.     

STUDY ON THE CUTOVER LAND OF THE HARDWOODKOREAN PINE FOREST FOR REPRODUCTION IN THE XIAOXINGAN MOUNTAINS OF NORTHEAST CHINA

lllehardt`ood-Korcanpincforcstsintl1cXiaoxinganMts.havebecncxtCnsivclycx-ploitcdsinccl948forn1orethan4oycars.Uptono`t.thcrcarcIiuIcKorcanpincresourccstobecxploitedinmostbureaus(rCgions),andthercare2/3ofbureaus(regions)havingPoOrKoreanpincrcsourccs.Inl95Os,Korcanpincforestsoccupicd53.8%ofthcforestcdarcaand74.3%ofthevolumcinthewholercgion.NaturaIKoreanpineforesthasgrcatlydc-creasedto5.4%and9.8%initsareaandvol-umeresPectively,andthcarcaandvoIuncofhardx`oodforcstincrcascdcorrcsPOndingIy.ln…     

Regulation of secondary follicle growth by theca cells and insulin-like growth factor 1

Ovaries contain follicles at various stages of development, including primordial, primary, secondary, antral and Graafian follicles. Although the growth of these follicles is controlled to maintain regular ovulation, the mechanism through which this occurs remains unclear. In our study, we found that the growth rate of cultured secondary follicles separated from mice ovaries differed between follicles. After 4 days of culture, the size of some secondary follicles was markedly increased, while that of others had either slightly increased, remained unchanged or shrunk. We compared the expression levels of growth factors between these secondary follicles and found that the growth rate of cultured secondary follicles correlated with the expression level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) mRNA. Igf1 mRNA expression level in secondary follicles containing theca cells was higher than that in secondary follicles without theca cells, and the granulosa cell proliferation around follicles containing theca cells was increased. Furthermore, an IGF1 inhibitor also inhibited the granulosa cell proliferation, and administration of IGF1 to secondary follicles without growth promoted granulosa cell proliferation. These results indicated that the theca cells of secondary follicles induced the expression of IGF1 and promoted the follicle growth.     

薰衣草精油改善壳聚糖基食品包装膜的应用品质

为改善现有壳聚糖基食品包装膜的机械性能和防水性能,该文使用浇铸-蒸发-碱浸法制备了添加薰衣草精油的壳聚糖基复合膜。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射对膜进行了表征,并分析了薰衣草精油添加量对膜的厚度、机械性质、可挥发物质量分数、接触角、水溶性、溶胀性等性质的影响。结果表明:薰衣草精油成分占据了壳聚糖骨架中的部分官能团的位置,降低了壳聚糖分子中共价键的振动强度,同时膜中可以与水形成亲水键的自由H基团减少,膜的含水量降低。薰衣草精油的添加,增大了膜中壳聚糖乙酸盐的含量。膜的厚度和薰衣草精油添加量并不成线性关系,所得膜的厚度范围为(20.60±0.34)~(23.35±0.65)μm。随着薰衣草精油添加量的增加,膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的变化趋势基本相同。当薰衣草精油添加量为8%时,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都达到最大值,分别为(123.44±0.33)MPa和3.74%±0.02%。与壳聚糖膜相比,薰衣草精油/壳聚糖复合膜的的可挥发物质量分数较低,薰衣草精油添加量为2%时,可挥发物质量分数最低,为8.98%±0.05%。薰衣草精油的添加,增大了膜的溶解性,但膜在水中的溶解度均不大于(1.21±0.04)mg/100 g,属于难溶物质范畴。膜的接触角和溶胀指数都随薰衣草精油添加量的增加而减小,即当薰衣草精油添加量为10%时,膜的接触角和溶胀指数都达到最大值,分别为80.73°±0.32°和0.62±0.01。薰衣草精油的加入改善了由浇铸-蒸发-碱浸法制备的CS基复合膜的机械性质和物理性质。研究结果为薰衣草精油/壳聚糖复合膜的生产和应用提供了技术依据。     

甘蔗×斑茅远缘杂种的鉴别

本试验采用染色体Giemsa—C带分带和过氧化物酶同工酶电泳频谱分析方法对野生种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.)与甘蔗的远缘杂交后代进行鉴别分析。结果表明,F_1代崖城73/07(2n=68)、崖城75/283(2n=68)染色体数组成为n+n型,染色体带型和同工酶谱均表现为父、母本综合型,崖城57/25(2n=110)、崖城73/512(2n=110)则分别与其母本相似。据此认为,4个待定材料中,仅前二者是真实的斑茅远缘杂交后代。 根据上述结果分析了斑茅对甘蔗育种尚无实质性贡献的原因,认为该野生种之育种性能与其染色体带型有关。最后,讨论了同工酶分析及染色体分带作为杂种鉴别方法的意义及其局限性。     

不同1-甲基环丙烯熏蒸处理对甘薯贮藏保鲜及抗氧化能力的影响

甘薯在常温环境下放置极易出现失重、腐烂、发芽等问题,较难贮藏。为明确不同1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)熏蒸处理对甘薯贮藏保鲜及抗氧化能力的影响,并筛选出适宜甘薯常温贮藏的保鲜技术,本试验以烟薯25号为试验材料,研究不同熏蒸浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 μL·L^-1)、不同熏蒸时间(6、12、24、36、48 h)及其交互作用对甘薯贮藏保鲜效果的影响,并通过模糊评价方法对不同1-MCP处理组在不同贮藏时间(0、7、14、22、30、60、90、120 d)的动态时间点上进行综合评判与分析。结果表明,在相同熏蒸时间条件下,高浓度1-MCP处理显著抑制甘薯发芽率、发芽指数和丙二醛(MDA)含量上升,抗氧化酶活性随着1-MCP处理浓度的增加呈降低趋势。相同熏蒸浓度条件下,12 h熏蒸处理与其他处理组相比贮藏保鲜效果更好。双因素方差分析结果显示,熏蒸浓度、熏蒸时间及其交互作用对甘薯贮藏期不同理化指标的影响随贮藏时间的延长逐渐减小,其中熏蒸浓度对甘薯发芽率、发芽指数、失重率、MDA含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性的影响较大,熏蒸时间对甘薯超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响更大,熏蒸浓度与熏蒸时间的交互作用主要影响甘薯的呼吸强度。模糊综合评价模型表明, 2 μL·L^-1 1-MCP密闭熏蒸12 h最接近标准物元的最优状态,贮藏保鲜效果最好。本研究结果可为延长甘薯货架期与贮藏期提供技术参考。     

基于服务能力的福州主城区城市公园布局分析

  目的  城市公园布局合理性是城市人居环境建设重要体现,分析福州市主城区城市公园的服务能力对提高布局合理性具有重要意义。  方法  利用地理信息系统(GIS)空间统计法,提出游憩可达性与避灾覆盖率2项指标对福州主城区城市公园现状布局的影响;通过城市兴趣点(POI)数据计算城市服务压力对城市公园潜在服务的需求。  结果  台江区、鼓楼区现状服务能力较好,避灾覆盖率大且路网丰富,可达性较好,服务能力最好的是鼓楼前公园;晋安区与仓山区现状服务能力较差,避灾覆盖率小且路网较差,较偏僻地区可达性较差,服务能力最差的是飞凤山公园。城市公园潜在需求分析表明鼓楼区服务压力最大,仓山区服务压力最小,城市公园集中在鼓楼区与仓山区。  结论  城市公园的布局较好,呈聚集性分布;布局合理性很好的区域主要分布在在鼓楼区北部与台江区南部,布局合理性很差的区域主要分布于仓山区的南部及东南部地区、晋安区东部及北部地区,原因是这些区域本来公园绿地就少,避灾覆盖率及游憩可达性较差。从城市空间布局上对城市公园进行优化;对城市公园现状优化有12个,其中,台江区4个,鼓楼区3个,晋安区2个,仓山区3个;根据土地利用情况,建设潜在城市公园:仓山区可建45个城市公园,鼓楼区可建7个城市公园,晋安区可建19个城市公园。图10表3参25