Evaluation of palygorskite for remediation of Cd-polluted soil with different water conditions

Purpose

The study aimed at comparing the effects of different water managements on soil Cd immobilization using palygorskite, which was significant for the selection of reasonable water condition.

Materials and methods

Field experiment was taken to discuss the in situ remediation effects of palygorskite on Cd-polluted paddy soils, under different water managements, using a series of variables, including pH and extractable Cd in soils, plant Cd, enzyme activity, and microorganism number in soils.

Results and discussion

In control group, the pH in continuous flooding was the highest under three water conditions, and compared to conventional irrigation, continuous flooding reduced brown rice Cd by 37.9%, and brown rice Cd in wetting irrigation increased by 31.0%. In palygorskite treated soils, at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g kg^?1, brown rice Cd reduced by 16.7, 44.4, and 55.6%; 13.8, 34.5, and 44.8%; and 13.1, 36.8, and 47.3% under continuous flooding, conventional irrigation, and wetting irrigation (p < 0.05), respectively. The enzyme activity and microbial number increased after applying palygorskite to paddy soils.

Conclusions

Continuous flooding was a good candidate as water management for soil Cd stabilization using palygorskite. Rise in soil enzyme activity and microbial number proved that ecological function regained after palygorskite application.

     

中国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙粒径分布特征

通过天然降雨试验,研究我国5种典型土壤的侵蚀泥沙团粒和单粒粒径分布以及泥沙各级团粒的机械组成特征。2013—2014年汛期(6—9月),监测红壤、紫色土、黄绵土、褐土和黑土径流小区的降雨产流事件,收集侵蚀泥沙样品,利用湿筛法和吸管法测定其团粒和单粒粒径分布;同时,筛选出泥沙各级团粒样品,进一步测定其单粒粒径组成。结果表明:(1)侵蚀泥沙粒径分布是土壤质地和降雨强度综合作用的结果,团粒粒径分布更适合作为表征泥沙输移的指标;(2)5种土壤的侵蚀泥沙皆表现出粉团(0.002~0.05mm)和黏团(0.002mm)的明显富集;(3)在泥沙单粒粒径分布方面,除红壤的粉粒(0.002~0.05mm)和黏粒(0.002mm)有轻微富集外,其余4种土壤的各级单粒均无明显富集;(4)红壤侵蚀泥沙粉团(0.002~0.05mm)中的黏粒含量最多,其余4种土壤侵蚀泥沙机械组成和各级团粒的机械组成均与原土接近。     

基于IPCC排放因子法估算碳足迹的京津冀生态补偿量化

构建合理的生态补偿量化标准关系着京津冀区域的健康发展。采用IPCC排放因子法计算京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳足迹,结果表明:10 a间京津冀地区碳足迹变化趋势分为2个阶段,2006到2013呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率约为8.5%,2013年之后基本保持不变;考虑森林、草地、农用地的固碳能力的前提下,测算了京津冀地区2006-2015年的碳承载力,结果表明:2009年京津冀地区的碳承载力有明显增高,之后基本保持平稳,略有提升;为了对比不同区域内(人口和区域面积)碳赤字对生态的影响,提出了碳赤字敏感度,进而利用碳赤字敏感度构建了生态补偿因子的概念,并据此确定京津冀三区生态补偿的量化标准,结果表明:河北和北京每年都应得到天津支付的一定额度的生态补偿,其中河北2012年应获得补偿最多(161亿元),北京2013年最多(61.5亿元)。研究结果对加快建立完善的京津冀横向生态补偿机制有参考意义。     

降雨强度和单宽流量与地表粗糙度交互作用下坡面流阻力特征

为探明降雨和地表颗粒共同影响下的坡面流阻力变化特征及形成机理,在15?定床条件下,分别研究了4个粗糙度(0.009,0.18,0.25,0.425 mm)和4个降雨强度(0,60,90,120 mm/h)在9个单宽流量(0.397~2.049L/(m·s))冲刷下的坡面流流速、流态指数、阻力系数、雷诺数等水动力学参数间的关系及变化特征。结果表明:1)坡面流流速与粗糙度呈反比,与降雨强度呈正比。流态指数m的计算结果显示(m0.5),坡面水流能量主要转化为动能形式;2)试验条件下,雷诺数变化范围为300~2 300,达西阻力系数变化范围为0~3.0,颗粒阻力和降雨阻力皆随着雷诺数的增加而减少,随着水深的增加,降雨对坡面流施加的影响逐渐减小。坡面总阻力系数与粗糙度成正比,与雷诺数和雨强成反比,降雨具有"减阻"效果;3)计算降雨阻力与颗粒阻力线性叠加值与坡面流总阻力的差异,结果表明坡面流总阻力大于线性叠加的结果,t检验结果显示差异显著(sig.0.0030.05),表明将坡面流阻力分量线性叠加计算坡面流总阻力的方法具有一定局限性;进一步构建降雨及地表颗粒影响下的坡面流阻力通式,具有良好的模拟效果。研究成果为深入探明坡面流阻力形成机理和构建坡面侵蚀模型提供科学依据。     

Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community

Purpose

Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of plant nutrients. Soil microbial biomass, community structure, and activity are mainly affected by carbon substrate and nutrient availability. The objective was to test if both the overall soil microbial community structure and the community-utilizing plant-derived carbon entering the soil as rhizodeposition were affected by soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability.

Materials and methods

A ¹³C-CO₂ steady-state labeling experiment was conducted in a ryegrass system. Four soil treatments were established: control, amendment with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), amendment with ammonium nitrate (NF), combined CMC and NF. Soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and ¹³C labeling PLFA were extracted and detected by isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results and discussion

The combined CMC and NF treatment with appropriate C/N ratio (20) significantly enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N, but resulted in lower soil inorganic N concentrations. There was no significant difference in soil PLFA profile pattern between different treatments. In contrast, most of the ¹³C was distributed into PLFAs 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω7c, and 18:1ω9c, indicative of fungi and gram-negative bacteria. The inorganic-only treatment was distinct in ¹³C PLFA pattern from the other treatments in the first period of labeling. Factor loadings of individual PLFAs confirmed that gram-positive bacteria had relatively greater plant-derived C contents in the inorganic-only treatment, but fungi were more enriched in the other treatments.

Conclusions

Amendments with CMC can improve N transformation processes, and the ryegrass rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community is strongly modified by soil N availability.

     

Effects of temperature on soil organic carbon fractions contents,aggregate stability and structural characteristics of humic substances in a Mollisol

Purpose

Under a global warming scenario, understanding the response of soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability to temperature increases is important not only for better understanding and maintaining relevant ecosystem services like soil fertility and crop productivity, but also for understanding key environmental processes intimately related with the maintenance of other regulatory ecosystem services like global climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. An increase in temperature would accelerate the mineralization of soil organic carbon. However, the properties of organic carbon remained in soil after mineralization is not well known.

Materials and methods

Mollisol was collected at 0–20-cm depth from maize (Zea mays L.) field in Northeast China. A 180-day incubation experiment was conducted at three different temperatures (10, 30, and 50 °C) under constant soil moisture (60 % water holding capacity). Soil samples were assayed for total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), humic fractions carbon, aggregate-associated carbon, and water stability of aggregates. Elemental analysis and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize humic acid and humin fractions.

Results and discussion

The contents of soil TOC, EOC, humic fractions carbon, and aggregate-associated carbon decreased with the increase in temperature. The proportion of 2–0.25-mm macroaggregate and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates also decreased. The C, H, N, S, alkyl C, and O-alkyl C contents of humic acid and humin decreased, whereas the O, aromatic C, and carbonyl C contents increased. The H/C, aliphatic C/aromatic C, and O-alkyl C/aromatic C ratios in humic acid and humin fractions decreased.

Conclusions

The increase in temperature has a negative impact on soil organic carbon content, soil aggregation, and aggregate stability. Moreover, humic acid and humin molecules become less aliphatic and more decomposed with the increase in temperature.

     

北斗定位田间信息采集平台运动控制器设计与试验

针对轮式田间信息采集平台在田间复杂环境下定速直线跟踪问题,设计了一种横向纠偏与纵向定速行走的运动控制器。控制系统采用低精度北斗定位模块、电子罗盘、旋转编码器、角度传感器获取田间信息采集平台的状态信息(包括位置、航向、速度、转向角)作为运动控制器的输入,通过构建的横向纠偏模糊控制器和纵向定速PID(proportion integration differentiation)控制器,实现行走过程中的横向纠偏和纵向定速行走。为获取更准确的位置信息,采用3个低精度北斗定位模块以边长1 m的等边三角形方式放置对数据求均值得到中心点定位数据的方法,将北斗接收模块的平均静态定位精度从2.06 m提高到了1.50 m,动态定位精度提高到0.78 m以内。信息采集平台田间试验结果表明:车体系统能按照规划的路径行走,在设定速度0.4 m/s时,纵向速度稳态误差小于7%,在外界扰动下响应调节时间小于3 s;以相同的速度行驶,初始横向偏距分别为1.4、2.0和2.5 m时,稳定跟踪需要的时间分别为11、15和25 s且稳定跟踪后最大横向偏距在0.31 m以内,满足农业田间信息采集的需要。该控制系统实现了信息采集平台在田间的定速直线跟踪和稳定行走,为其高效智能化作业提供了技术参考。     

热解油水相酸洗-烘焙二级预处理改善玉米秸秆热解特性

烘焙和酸洗都是可提升生物质品质的预处理方法。烘焙可以脱除生物质中的氧,酸洗则可有效脱除碱金属及碱土金属,而氧和AAEMs对热解油的品质和产率均具有影响。该文研究了酸洗-烘焙两级耦合预处理对玉米秸秆热解特性的影响。试验用酸液取自热解联产联供示范项目热解油的水相部分,烘焙温度选取230、260、290℃。研究发现,酸洗预处理能够有效脱除AAEMs,对K、Na、Mg脱除率分别达到97.53%、81.38%、84.86%。两级预处理能明显降低O/C;酸洗-290℃烘焙半焦相比玉米秸秆原样,O/C降低了25.32%。两级预处理能明显削弱烘焙对热解油产率的不利影响,酸洗-290℃烘焙半焦相比290℃烘焙半焦,其热解油产率提高127.66%;两级预处理显著提高了热解油中糖类的含量,同时降低了酚类和酸类的含量;对酸洗-290℃烘焙半焦,其热解油中糖类含量高达45.89%,酚类和酸类则低至9.76%和6.31%。其他化学组成如酮类和呋喃类的含量存在一定程度的下降,醛类含量则有小幅度的提升。该文提出的利用热解联产联供示范项目热解油的水相部分对秸秆进行酸洗,并结合烘焙的两级预处理方法可为对生物质热解提供参考。     

木薯收获机土薯抖动分离装置性能仿真及试验

为了考察木薯收获机块根拔起时弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置的土薯分离机理和因素对分离性能的影响规律,优化性能影响因素,进行弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置动力学仿真试验.采用光滑粒子流体动力学和有限元的耦合方法及二次回归通用旋转设计方法,构建土壤-木薯-抖动分离装置系统的动力学仿真模型和影响土薯分离性能的回归数学模型,研究了木薯块根拔起时土薯抖动的分离机理及各影响因素对土薯分离性能的影响规律,同时,采用MATLAB优化工具箱中的fmincon函数,对性能影响因素进行了优化.结果表明,因素的优组合为:长孔长度2.68 cm、弹簧刚度20.04 kN/cm、弹簧预紧力335.2 N,相应的干净度为0.778,碰撞力为320 N,试验验证的干净度为0.698,与理论结果的相对误差较小,约为10％,理论结果与验证结果较一致,表明建立的回归数学模型及优化结果合理.研究结果可为土薯分离质量高的挖拔式木薯收获机弹簧式土薯抖动分离装置的设计提供参考.     

基于电子鼻传感器阵列优化的甜玉米种子活力检测

针对甜玉米种子活力传统检测方法操作繁琐、重复性差等不足,该研究利用电子鼻技术建立甜玉米种子活力快速检测方法。利用电子鼻获取不同活力甜玉米种子的气味信息,再结合主成分分析(PCA,principal component analysis)、线性判别分析(LDA,linear discriminant analysis)、载荷分析(loadings)和支持向量机(SVM,support vector machine)对气味信息进行提取分析,建立甜玉米种子活力的定性定量分析模型。结果显示:PCA和LDA分析均无法区分不同活力的甜玉米种子,而SVM的鉴别效果较好。全传感器阵列数据集SVM分类判别模型训练集和预测集正确率分别为97.10%和96.67%,建模时间为30.75 s,回归预测模型训练集和预测集决定系数R~2分别为0.993和0.913,均方差误差分别为2.23%和8.50%。经Loadings分析将10个传感器阵列优化为6个。优化后传感器阵列数据集SVM分类判别模型训练集和预测集正确率分别为98.55%和96.67%,建模时间为21.81 s,回归预测模型训练集和预测集决定系数R~2分别为0.982和0.984,均方差误差分别为3.80%和3.01%。结果表明:基于SVM的电子鼻技术可以实现对不同活力甜玉米种子的高效判别和预测,将传感器阵列优化为6个,判别和预测效果均有所提升。该研究为电子鼻技术应用于甜玉米种子活力检测提供理论依据。