Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

添加秸秆对不同有机含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响

通过向低（LSOM）、中（MSOM）、高（HSOM）及去除（RSOM）有机质土壤中添加玉米秸秆进行室内培养试验,研究秸秆添加量对不同有机质含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响。结果表明,在15℃恒温培养150天后,土壤pH、交换性盐基离子、CEC和盐基饱和度的含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而上升,交换性H⁺、交换性Al³⁺含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而降低;其中,秸秆添加量为10~15 g/kg时,LSOM处理中土壤pH增幅、交换性Al³⁺及交换性H⁺含量减幅最大;秸秆添加量为15~20 g/kg时,在MSOM和HSOM处理中土壤pH增幅及土壤交换性Al³⁺、交换性H⁺含量减幅最大;且HSOM处理添加秸秆后对降低土壤酸度效果最好。土壤中添加秸秆后可明显提高土壤酸碱缓冲能力,且土壤对加碱侧表现出的缓冲区间比酸侧明显;土壤的缓冲容量随秸秆添加量增加而升高,且HSOM处理对酸碱缓冲能力 > MSOM处理 > LSOM处理 > RSOM处理。     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考。该研究基于GoogleEarth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应。结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 m/a之间,平均4.66 m/a,以中速(1～5 m/a)为主(53.73%),中部移动最快(5.22±4.27 m/a),东南部最慢(3.27±3.08 m/a),移动方向与主风向一致;2)沙丘移动速度与宽度的相关性最好(R~2=0.988),以后的研究中需多关注沙丘宽度这一参数;3)从柴达木盆地整体看,降水量越大、风速越低,沙丘移动越慢;从局部看,植被覆盖度越大,沙丘移动越慢;4)密集的河流可阻挡沙丘移动,保护格尔木市区,但不能消除沙丘移动的威胁。     

Impacts of natural polymer derivative neutral polysaccharide Jag S and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide Jag C162 on rainfall infiltration on an experimental loess hillslope

ABSTRACT

Developing effective measures to improve soil structure and increase soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau located in arid and semiarid areas is important for soil and water conservation. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two new natural polymer derivatives, namely neutral polysaccharide (Jag S) and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide (Jag C162), on rainfall infiltration and their underlying mechanisms. The proportions of different sizes of water-stable soil aggregates were analyzed after spraying four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 g m^?2) of Jag S and Jag C162 under rainfall intensities of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm min^?1 and a slope gradient of 15°. Treatments with Jag S and Jag C162 significantly improved the rainfall infiltration rates (IRs) compared with the control. Moreover, applying 1 and 3 g m^?2 Jag S effectively increased the IRs by 22.81% and 13.69%, respectively. Treatment with Jag C162 also increased the rainfall IRs by 39.47%, 46.59%, and 46.50%. Furthermore, the content of >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates increased from 27.19% to 90.42% before rainfall and from 9% to 50% after rainfall. Compared with Jag C 162, treatment with Jag S was less effective on improving rainfall infiltration and aggregate content. In particularly, application of 5 g m^?2 Jag S improved the soil aggregate content but weakened rainfall infiltration because of the higher viscidity and consistency of the Jag S solution. Overall, spraying appropriate amounts of Jag C162 and Jag S on the loess slope surface can increase the water-stable soil aggregate content, resulting in improved rainfall infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Thus, application of two new natural polymer derivatives is a possible alternative conservation practice in the Loess Plateau.     

基于离散元法的牛肉咀嚼破碎模型构建

为了实现准确、便捷、客观地牛肉嫩度分级检测。该文利用离散单元法构建牛肉块在口腔中咀嚼破碎模型,并进行仿真模拟。研究中选取50头牛的眼肉作为试验样品,30头牛用于构建模型,20头牛用于验证仿真模型的准确性。试验牛样品在75~80℃的恒温水浴中加热至样品内部温度达到70℃时取出,冷却至室温(20℃)。利用质构仪测得牛肉样品的剪切模量、法向刚度等参数,同时测得密度、碰撞恢复系数、摩擦系数等构建离散元模型需要的相关参数。利用测得的参数构建牛肉咀嚼破碎的离散元仿真模型。将咀嚼破碎的牛肉微颗粒作为离散单元模拟仿真中的最小单位,利用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型中的颗粒体积力将牛肉块替换为微颗粒黏结的颗粒簇。在咀嚼作用下,当任意2个微颗粒之间的法向应力和切向应力超过最大极限值时,颗粒簇就开始破碎,仿真牛肉的咀嚼破碎过程。研究中利用离散元模拟仿真4个咀嚼周期并记录力和牛肉颗粒的变化。采用感官评定法和剪切力测定分别验证仿真的准确性,准确率都达到90%。研究表明,利用离散元模拟仿真能有效地实现牛肉嫩度等级的预测评定,为牛肉嫩度品质检测提供新方法。     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

增压中冷柴油机EGR系统文丘里管的设计与试验

针对柴油机在低速、大负荷工况下引入EGR（exhaust gas recirculation）气体困难的实际情况,该文采用在中冷器后安装一个文丘里管的方法提高对EGR的引射能力。通过计算初步确定了文丘里管的喉口直径,并设计了3种不同结构尺寸的文丘里管,进行了相关试验。试验结果表明,随着发动机转速的提高,气体流量增加,文丘里管的降压作用增强;EGR阀前与文丘里管喉口的压差随着发动机转速先减小后增加,在1 100到1 600 r/min转速范围内,该压差为负值,不利于引入EGR气体;在2 200 r/min时,随着发动机负荷的增加,EGR阀前压力始终大于文丘里管前压力,即使没有文丘里管,发动机也可以顺利引入EGR,但二者压差随着负荷的增加而减小,导致高负荷时EGR率降低;文丘里管的降压作用随发动机负荷的增加而增加,EGR引射能力随负荷的变化不明显;在试验负荷范围内,文丘里管前后的压力损失始终大于5 kPa;在2 200 r/min时,3种喉口直径的文丘里管的EGR引射能力随着负荷的增加均有增强的趋势,但直径较小的文丘里管EGR阀前与喉口压差较大,容易实现较高的EGR率;但在1 600 r/min时,3种文丘里管的EGR引射能力均随着负荷的增加而减小;当扭矩超过470 N·m时,随着文丘里管喉口直径的增加,EGR阀前与文丘里管喉口压差逐渐降低,引入EGR气体的难度逐渐增加。研究结果可为增压中冷柴油机废气再循环系统文丘里管的设计和应用提供参考。     

实测高光谱和HSI影像的区域土壤含水量遥感监测研究

基于典型研究区植被冠层实测高光谱数据和HSI高光谱影像数据,通过相关分析选择与不同深度土壤含水量响应敏感波段,建立两者的土壤含水量反演模型,并用实测高光谱土壤含水量反演模型校正HSI影像土壤含水量反演的模型。结果表明:土壤含水量响应敏感波段区域为450~650 nm和850~920 nm;两种土壤含水量反演模型对土壤深度为0~10 cm的土壤含水量估算效果最好,其中实测冠层高光谱土壤含水量反演模型精度高于HSI影像土壤含水量反演模型,判定系数(R~2)分别为0.659和0.557;经过校正的HSI影像土壤含水量反演模型精度有了较大的提高,判定系数(R~2)从0.557提升到0.719,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.043 5,较好地提高了区域尺度条件下土壤含水量监测精度,因此运用该方法进行土壤含水量遥感监测是可行的,为进一步提高区域尺度下土壤含水量定量遥感监测提供参考借鉴。     

美国豆芋花总皂苷制备及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

为高效利用美国豆芋花皂苷类化合物,以皂苷得率和纯度为指标,研究美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺及大孔树脂纯化工艺,并对制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷的抗氧化及α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力进行研究。结果表明,美国豆芋花总皂苷的提取工艺为提取溶剂90%乙醇,料液比1∶20,温度70℃,提取时间2 h。得到的提取物石油醚脱脂后用水饱和正丁醇萃取,D-101大孔树脂吸附柱纯化的工艺为上样皂苷质量浓度1 mg·m L~(-1),上样量40 m L·g~(-1)树脂,洗脱剂为80%乙醇(pH值6),洗脱剂用量4 BV(树脂柱体积)。制备的美国豆芋花总皂苷样得率4.24%,纯度达65.35%,比粗提物(纯度15.27%)提高了约3倍;抗氧化性能(清除DPPH和ABTS自由基IC50值分别为51.08、29.24μg·m L~(-1))和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力(IC50值为83.62μg·m L~(-1))也均优于粗提物(清除DPPH、ABTS自由基IC50值分别为286.51、69.92μg·m L~(-1),α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制浓度(IC50)值为1 043.57μg·m L~(-1)),表明该工艺可用于高活性美国豆芋花总皂苷的富集和纯化。此外,美国豆芋花总皂苷抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制类型为竞争型抑制,抑制常数为49.68μg·m L~(-1)。本研究结果为开发具有降血糖功能的医药中间体或功能性食品提供了新资源和实践基础。     

万州区农村居民点空间布局特征与调控

以重庆市万州区为例,借助Arc GIS、Geo Da、Fragtats软件,运用探索性空间数据分析、空间韵律测度及多维特征组合方法,分析研究区农村居民点空间分布、规模和形态,探索居民点布局类型及优化路径。结果表明:(1)在空间分布上,呈"西密东稀"的分布格局;(2)在规模结构上,农村居民点间呈正的空间自相关性,但相关程度较低,西部存在多个低值集簇区,东部多随机分布;(3)离城镇、河流、交通近的区域居民点分布多,形状指标也较大;(4)通过多维度特征组合方法,将万州区农村居民点划分为18种布局形式,以中等规模-形态规整-优势区位、大规模-形态规整-优势区位为主,并从发展模式、基础建设、生态涵养等方面提出相应的优化调控路径。