食用天然香料的应用及研究进展

简述天然香料的发展状况,介绍了近年来天然香料的应用及研究进展,对未来香料行业的发展前景提出看法。      

农作物乙醇燃料的综合效益分析

乙醇作为化石燃料的替代品,对于能源需求日趋紧张的中国来说具有非常重要的意义.然而,农作物乙醇作为燃料其生命周期、经济效益及环境效益如何将直接影响其推广使用.文章就农作物乙醇作为燃料的综合效益进行了全面分析,得出了除甜高梁外多数农作物作为燃料乙醇原料具有较低的能效转换率之结论.而且在目前情况下,由于生产成本较高,所产生的经济效益也较差.但其对于解缓能源紧张问题、提高农民收入、促进人员就业具有良好的社会效益,同时对机动车辆的废气污染排放有所改善.     

优化的VHb基因和GFMcryIA基因构建的双价基因在烟草中的表达

利用人工合成的、密码子优化后的透明颤菌血红蛋白（VHb）基因与人工合成的GFMcryIA基因构建成双价基因植物高效表达载体。通过根癌农杆菌介导转化烟草,获得了36株卡那霉素抗性植株。经转基因植株的PCR及Southern blot检测,证实了双价基因在35株烟草基因组中的整合。Western blot检测证实了VHb基因的表达,杀虫实验证实GFMcryIA基因也表达出活性毒蛋白。且转基因烟草平均每株干重比非转基因烟草植株高7％。本研究结果表明转基因育种技术在培育出既高产又具抗虫性的作物或经济作物新品种方面具有良好的应用前景。     

云南九种野生食用菌氨基酸的快速测定

应用ＰＩＣＯ．ＴＡＧ氨基酸分析仪快速测定云南野生食用菌中１７种氨基酸,结果表明白牛肝菌、黄牛肝菌必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例较高,黄牛肝菌中酪氨酸占总必需氨基酸的比例较高,值得开发利用。     

Estimation of LAI in the forested watershed using ASTER data based on Price’s model in summer and winter

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter to identify the water balance in forested watershed as a biological factor influencing directly on the evapotranspiration in the forest area. The purpose of this study was to estimate the LAI in a small forested watershed in summer and winter by applying the Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data to the LAI estimation method. In this study, the estimation was based on the absorption and scattering processes of the solar radiation in the vegetation canopy and the spectral reflectance characteristics of soil vegetation. First, we estimated LAI based on Price’s model by application of ASTER data on the forested watershed located in the Tenzan Mountains of Saga, Japan. To validate the results of LAI estimation, secondly, we compared them to the measured LAI obtained by a plant canopy analyzer (LAI-2000) on the observation area inside the target region. This study showed that the LAI estimation method was a feasible and accurate method as indicated by the high relationship (r = 0.97) between LAI derived from ASTER data and LAI measured by LAI-2000. This paper is the first report on LAI estimation using Terra/ASTER data based on Price’s model and field investigation. This LAI estimation method is a reliable and applicable method.     

内蒙古不同类型草地NPP时空动态特征及其气候影响因素分析

为揭示内蒙古不同类型草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空动态,探究其与气候因子的相关性,利用2001～2016年遥感数据,气象数据和20世纪80年代中国草地分类数据,采用光能利用率(CASA)模型,模拟获取2001～2016年内蒙古草地NPP,并分析了不同类型草地NPP的时空动态及其对气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)2001～2016年,内蒙古草地年均NPP为163.9 gC/(m^2·a),空间上呈现东北部高西南部低的特征,年均NPP总量为31.6 TgC/a(1Tg=10¹²g);(2)试验的16年,内蒙古草地年均NPP呈增加趋势增加量为2.1 gC/(m^2·a),年际波动较大;(3)温性草甸草原、热性草丛、低地草甸、山地草甸和沼泽的年均NPP呈显著增加趋势,其他5类呈显著减少趋势;(4)NPP与年均温和年总降水量的相关系数分别为-0.01和0.4;(5)除温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠外,其他类型草地NPP均与温度呈负相关关系,所有类型草地NPP与降水量均呈正相关关系。降水是影响内蒙古草地NPP最主要的气候因子。     

基于图形处理器的三维表面质量快速评定技术

针对三维表面粗糙度评定中表面测量数据量大且计算复杂度高,常用处理方法不能满足实时测量要求的问题,提出了一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的三维表面形貌测量数据快速评定方法,应用CUDA平台开发了基于GPU的并行处理算法,在此基础上实现了三维表面质量的快速评定。实验结果表明,该方法在保证计算精度的同时,运算效率提高了60倍以上,可满足三维表面质量在线评定的要求。     

毛竹施用硅肥的效应研究

探讨了在有效硅含量水平较低的流纹岩风化物发育的土壤上，中、低产毛竹林施用硅肥的效应。试验结果表明，在中、低产毛竹林中施用硅肥是没有增产效果的；土壤中有效硅的含量管较低，但足够毛竹生长对硅素的需要。综合诊断施肥法（DRIS）对硅素营养的诊断结果提示，即使在具有较高竹材产量的竹林中，无论施用N、P、K三要素肥料与否，硅的营养况仍然是接近适宜水平的。鉴于中因大多数竹林的实际情况，认为目前生产上尚无施用硅肥的必要。     

Long-term study of incidence and financial loss due to cattle babesiosis in an Argentinian dairy farm

The incidence and direct financial loss caused by babesiosis were evaluated in 121 Holstein Friesian female cattle that formed eight cohorts (1981–1988) of a dairy farm located approximately 24° 55′S 65° 29′W in Salta, Argentina. Female calves born in 1986 and 1987 (n=32) were vaccinated with a live Babesia vaccine at six months of age.

No cases of babesiosis occurred in the vaccinated cattle. The incidence of babesiosis in the six non-vaccinated cohorts was 23.6% (21/89). Eighteen of the cases were the result of Babesia bovis, one to Babesia bigemina and two to a mixed infection. Two cattle died of B. bovis infection in spite of drug treatment (diaminazene, 3.5 mg kg⁻¹). No disease occurred in cattle younger than seven months or older than 24 months. The number of cases according to age of cattle was: 7–9 months, 5; 10–12 months, 6; 13–24 months, 10.

Financial loss for the six cohorts that suffered clinical cases amounted to US $ 1624.6 (prices in October 1990)—62% were the result of physical losses and 38% to costs of control. A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination was carried out assuming that 95% of the mortality and morbidity losses of the six non-vaccinated cohorts was prevented after a single inculation of a live vaccine (cost of a dose plus administration was US $ 4.2. The benefit-cost ratio was 4:1 for each US dollar expended.     

云南省六个水稻产区稻瘟病菌三个无毒基因的组成及其致病型

为明确水稻抗性基因Piz-t、Pib和Pii的有效性,利用无毒基因AvrPiz-t、AvrPib和Avr-Pii的特异性引物对自云南省6个水稻产区采集并分离获得的348株稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae菌株进行PCR扩增检测,并测定其对仅含Piz-t、Pib和Pii基因的水稻抗性单基因系IRBLzt-T、IRBLb-B和IRBLi-F5品种的致病性,明确这3个无毒基因在云南省水稻产区组成及分布。结果表明,在348株稻瘟病菌菌株中,分别有51.7%、46.8%和15.8%的菌株含有无毒基因AvrPiz-t、AvrPib和Avr-Pii,GT8、GT2、GT5、GT6、GT1、GT3、GT4和GT7基因型菌株检测频率分别为24.7%、21.8%、21.0%、16.7%、4.9%、4.0%、3.4%和3.4%;分别有4.9%、29.2%、41.1%和24.7%的菌株含有3、2、1和0个无毒基因;云南省稻瘟病菌群体总多样性指数水平较高,为2.81,其中滇中水稻产区的最高,为2.97;在348株稻瘟病菌菌株中,分别有89.1%、63.2%和38.5%的菌株对单基因系IRBLzt-T、...