太行山前平原典型灌溉农田深层土壤水分动态

该文针对70年代以来太行山前平原典型灌溉农田地下水位普遍下降的问题,通过分析中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站连续3 a的农田土壤水分观测资料,探讨了山前平原典型灌溉农田0~800 cm深土壤水势变化规律和0~1 540 cm深土壤水分含量变化规律。结果表明:土壤水分动态自上向下具有明显的分带性,0~800 cm土壤层水分动态可分为3层:0~200 cm为入渗-蒸发交替变动带(水分增长和消退的较快,土壤含水率变化范围为0.14~0.47 cm3/cm3,基质势变化范围为-628.21~0 cm,200~600 cm为非稳定入渗带(土壤含水率变化范围为0.04~0.41 cm3/cm3,基质势变化范围为-311.79~0 cm,土壤水势梯度有一定变化范围在0.1~5.61 cm/cm之间),600~800 cm为相对稳定入渗带(土壤含水率在0.03~0.35 cm3/cm3之间变化,基质势变化范围为-138.18~-45.57 cm,土壤水势梯度在单位势梯度左右浮动)。在土壤质地和土壤含水率(维持在田间持水量水平)的影响下,深层土壤层的湿润锋运动速率较快(0.13 m/d),表明地下含水层会迅速地响应地表水分输入(降水和灌溉)。结果可为太行山前平原典型灌溉农田地下水分及可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes in a Southern Boreal Forest and Wetland

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N, 25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied, and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites, the emissions were below 1 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m⁻² h⁻¹), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition, which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m⁻³; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern.     

3MQ-600型导流式气流辅助喷杆弥雾机研制与试验

为减少药液的飘失和雾滴的穿透力,提高药液利用率,设计了3MQ-600型导流式气流辅助喷杆弥雾机,利用拖拉机液压和动力输出带动液压马达、轴流风机、隔膜泵等部件工作。在风筒内部加装的新型栅格状导流器,优化了风筒内的流场结构,减小了因涡流而导致的能量损耗。试验结果证明,与无风幕喷雾相比,沿喷杆方向的雾滴个数平均值提高了29.5%,变异系数降低了78.5%;飘失量减少45%以上;在雾滴对作物冠层穿透性方面,雾滴在作物中下层沉积量50.8%。该机具有较高的减飘性能和雾滴沉积性能,农药利用率更好。     

Interactive effects of Cd and PAHs on contaminants removal from co-contaminated soil planted with hyperaccumulator plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Soil contamination by multiple organic and inorganic contaminants is common but its remediation by hyperaccumulator plants is rarely reported. The growth of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and removal of contaminants from Cd and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) co-contaminated soil were reported in this study.     

Performance and Kinetic Study on Bioremediation of Diazo Dye (Reactive Black 5) in Wastewater Using Spent GAC–Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor

Combinations of sequential anaerobic and aerobic process enhance the treatment of textile wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment of diazo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5)-containing wastewater using granular activated carbon (GAC)–biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an integration of aerobic and anaerobic process in a single reactor. The GAC–biofilm SBR system demonstrated higher removal of COD, RB5 and aromatic amines. It was observed that the RB5 removal efficiency improved as the concentration of co-substrate in the influent increased. The alternative aeration introduced into the bioreactor enhanced mineralization of aromatic amines. Degradation of RB5 and co-substrate followed second-order kinetic and the constant (k ₂) values for COD and RB5 decreased from 0.002 to 0.001 and 0.004 to 0.001 l/mg h, respectively, as the RB5 concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/l in the GAC–biofilm SBR system.     

中国农产品产地加工产业布局分析及发展对策

通过对大宗农产品的主要产地分布和大宗农产品加工业的产业布局进行分析,可推知中国大宗农产品产地初加工的格局已基本形成。农产品加工各行业的企业规模偏小、投资盲目、企业间无序竞争、精深加工的程度低、产品的附加值普遍不高等问题是制约中国农产品产地初加工产业化的问题所在。因此,应尽快实现中国农产品产地初加工由初级加工向高附加值精深加工转变,基本形成与国际接轨的农产品加工标准体系和全程质量控制体系,初步形成产学研相结合的研发机制和先进适用技术成果的推广体系,为农产品加工业健康快速发展奠定良好基础。     

3种作物对盐碱性防护林地改良效果分析

通过盐碱性防护林地播种大麦、小麦和大豆的试验,结果显示:夏季高温干旱期间,实施播种大豆防护林地土表(0~20 cm)层的可溶性盐分和PH值分别为0.65 g﹒kg-1和7.04,与实施播种大麦和小麦无明显差异,有机质(29.88 g﹒kg-1)、速磷(91.10 mg﹒kg-1)、速钾(23.10 mg﹒kg-1)和速氮(134.43 mg﹒kg-1)则分别比实施播种大麦和小麦有明显增高,并且存在极显著差异;3种作物播种后,防护林地没有出现“返盐碱”(发白)现象.表明:实施播种大豆对改善林地土壤条件的效果最好,其次是播种大麦和小麦.     

运用土壤水盐运移模型优化棉花微咸水膜下滴灌制度

为优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,利用HYDRUS建立含根系吸水项的土壤水盐运移数值模拟模型,并用田间试验资料进行参数识别和模型验证。用验证认可的数值模型优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌和非生育期洗盐灌溉制度,并预测棉花生育期水盐运移规律和长期效应。结果表明:模型仿真度较高、运行速度较快;T检验说明土壤含水率和电导率模拟值与实测值均无显著差异;模型参数中形状系数α、n对含水率影响较大,纵向弥散度DL对电导率影响较大;当地膜下滴灌适合生育期一膜双管、低额高频灌溉,并结合非生育期1年1次或2年1次大水漫灌洗盐,20a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度下不会引起土壤次生盐渍化。     

Effect of protein on the detection of fluoroquinolone residues in fish meat

Using fish serum albumin (FSA) as the model protein, molecular fluorescence spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied to study the effect of protein on the extraction of fluoroquinolone (FQ) residues in fish meat. There was a strong interaction between FQs and protein through hydrogen bonds, which could be broken as protein degenerated with 60-100% (v/v) acetonitrile acid solution, and FQs bound with protein were released in various degrees. On the basis of the results, a novel sample preparation procedure loosely based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) methodology was developed for the determination of FQ residues in fish muscle samples, using 90% (v/v) acetonitrile acid solution as the extractant, combined with a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) cleanup step. Mean recoveries of four FQs from spiked samples at a concentration range of 50-200 ng g(-1) were 73.3-95.9% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 10.7%.     

Lipase-catalyzed preparation of human milk fat substitutes from palm stearin in a solvent-free system

Human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) were synthesized by lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis of chemically interesterified palm stearin (mp = 58 °C) with mixed FAs from rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm kernel oil, stearic acid, and myristic acid in a solvent-free system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to model and optimize the reactions, and the factors chosen were reaction time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and enzyme load. The optimal conditions generated from the models were as follows: reaction time, 3.4 h; temperature, 57 °C; substrate molar ratio, 14.6 mol/mol; and enzyme load, 10.7 wt % (by the weight of total substrates). Under these conditions, the contents of palmitic acid (PA) and PA at sn-2 position (sn-2 PA) were 29.7 and 62.8%, respectively, and other observed FAs were all within the range of FAs of HMF. The product was evaluated by the cited model, and a high score (85.8) was obtained, which indicated a high degree of similarity of the product to HMF.