甘薯长喙壳菌产生芳香性气体物质研究进展

根据国内外相关文献报道及作者的研究实践,评述了甘薯长喙壳菌（Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. et Halst.）及其产生芳香性气体物质的组成、影响因素、收集检测方法和应用价值;比较了芳香性气体物质几种收集方法的优劣和技术难点;分析了甘薯长喙壳菌产生芳香性气体物质特征在天然香味物质获取新途径、农作物废料再利用和作物病害防治方面的潜在应用前景;提出了围绕甘薯长喙壳菌的生物学特性开展系统研究,加速开展芳香性气体物质收集方法的筛选、组分分析及其生物学效应为主的应用基础和应用技术综合研究的建议     

Multi-scale study of bird species distribution and of their response to vegetation change: a Mediterranean example

Land use changes operate at different scales. They trigger a cascade of effects that simultaneously modify the composition or structure of the landscape and of the local vegetation. Mobil animals, and birds in particular, can respond quickly to such multi-scalar changes. We took advantage of a long term study on the response of songbirds to land-use changes on four Mediterranean islands in Corsica and Sardinia to explore the benefits of a multi-scale analysis of the relationships between songbird distribution, vegetation structure and landscape dynamics. Field data and aerial photographs were used to describe the vegetation at three different scales. Birds were censused by point counts. We used statistical variance decomposition to study how bird distribution and vegetation at various scales were linked. We analysed multi-scale vegetation changes (floristic composition, plot vegetation type, and landscape structure) and their consequences on bird distribution with multivariate and non-parametrical tests. The distribution of most species was linked to at least two spatial scales. The weight of a given scale was consistent with life-history traits for species whose biology was well-known. In the examples studied, vegetation composition, vegetation type and landscape changes that resulted from land abandonment negatively affected birds depending on open or heterogeneous areas. Our results emphasize that multi-scale analyses can greatly enhance our understanding of bird distribution and of their changes. Management of these populations should take into account measures at various spatial scales depending on the sensitivity of the species.     

食物氮含量对意大利蝗生长发育和卵巢面积的影响

为合理预测意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus的种群动态,分别用1%（对照）、4%和7%氮含量的食物饲喂意大利蝗5龄蝗蝻,测定不同氮含量食物处理后意大利蝗5龄蝗蝻的生长速率,羽化后7 d的体长、股节长、胫节长、翅长、翅宽、体重及羽化后1、7、13和19 d的卵巢面积。结果显示,4%氮含量食物处理试虫的生长速率最大,分别较1%和7%氮含量处理的增加了88.02%和109.33%;4%和7%氮含量食物处理后,意大利蝗成虫的后翅宽和体重均显著高于对照;羽化后7 d,不同氮含量食物处理的意大利蝗卵巢面积出现显著差异,羽化后19 d,4%氮含量食物处理的卵巢面积显著高于其他2个处理。表明中等氮含量（4%氮含量）适宜意大利蝗生长。     

芒果冷害对两种自由基清除剂的影响

紫花芒果在２℃中１５天完全冷害，冷害发生时，超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性略有上升后下降，过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性持续下降，说明冷害可降低ＣＡＴ和ＳＯＤ活性，加强膜脂过氧化作用。非冷害情况下，紫花芒果在１０℃中贮藏２０天开始启动后熟；成熟过程中，ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性达高峰，说明果实启动成熟时生命活动大大加强。     

Applying Local Measures of Spatial Heterogeneity to Landsat-TM Images for Predicting Wildfire Occurrence in Mediterranean Landscapes

In mountainous Mediterranean regions, land abandonment processes in past decades are hypothesized to trigger secondary vegetal succession and homogenization, which in recent years has increased the size of burned areas. We conducted an analysis of temporal changes in landscape vegetal spatial pattern over a 15-year period (1984–1998) in a rural area of 672.3 km² in Eastern Spain to investigate the relationship between local landscape heterogeneity and wildfire occurrence. Heterogeneity was analyzed from textural metrics derived from non-classified remote sensing data at several periods, and was related to wildfire history in the study area. Several neural network models found significant relationships between local spatial pattern and future fire occurrence. In this study, sensitivity analysis of the texture variables suggested that fire occurrence, estimated as probability of burning in the near future, increased where local homogeneity was higher.     

辽宁省稻田野慈姑对苄嘧磺隆的抗药性

为明确辽宁省不同稻田区野慈姑对苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平,整株测定了辽宁省大石桥(种群R1)、海城(种群R2)、苏家屯(种群R3)和开原(种群R4)共4个水稻产区野慈姑对苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平,并离体测定了各种群叶片体内乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)对苄嘧磺隆的敏感性。结果显示,种群R1和R2的抗药性相对较高,抗性指数分别为76.99和49.94,种群R3和R4抗性相对较低,抗性指数分别为12.48和16.91;离体测定结果表明较高水平的ALS活性可能与是否产生抗药性无关,种群R1、R2、R3、R4的抗性指数分别为81.86、67.48、10.56、24.86;抗药性程度依次为R1R2R4R3。表明4个水稻产区野慈姑对苄嘧磺隆均产生了抗药性,而其体内ALS活性降低可能是产生抗药性的原因之一。     

三叶斑潜蝇热激蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆及其在高温胁迫下的表达分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆了三叶斑潜蝇Hsp90基因全长cDNA序列,并用实时定量RT-PCR的方法检测其在不同发育阶段受到高温胁迫后的表达水平。该基因的cDNA序列全长2 408 bp,开放阅读框为2 145 bp,编码714个氨基酸;5′非编码区为151 bp,3′非编码区为112 bp。该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他昆虫同源序列比较有很高的相似性（80%~99%）。聚类分析结果显示三叶斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明三叶斑潜蝇Hsp90基因的表达受到热胁迫的诱导,诱导3龄幼虫最大表达量的温度比诱导其他发育阶段的温度低,在43 ℃时预蛹和蛹的表达量在整个生命周期中最高,在检测的高温胁迫条件下,雄虫比雌虫的表达量更高。该结果为阐明三叶斑潜蝇胁迫耐受能力及其对其他潜蝇种群的取代机制奠定了分子基础。     

南美斑潜蝇触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对南美斑潜蝇触角形态和感器进行了观察.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇触角为具芒状,由柄节、梗节、鞭节三部分组成,鞭节上着生触角芒.触角感器有五种,分别为刺形感器、毛形感器、锥形感器、钟形感器和腔锥形感器,所有的触角感器都分布在鞭节上.雌雄成虫在触角形态、感器种类与分布上没有显著性差异.     

福氏志贺菌gyrA和parC基因QRDR序列的测定与同源性分析

测定了我国痢疾流行病原志贺菌福氏2 a 3 0 1株与喹喏酮类药物耐药性相关的 gyr A( DNA旋转酶 A亚单位 )和 par C(拓扑异构酶IVA亚单位 )基因 ,并将 gyr A和 par C基因QRDR(喹喏酮类药物耐药性决定区 )核苷酸序列与几种动物和人的病原菌进行了同源性和遗传进化比较分析。结果显示 ,志贺菌福氏 2 agyr A和 par C基因 QRDR序列分别与宋内氏志贺菌、大肠杆菌 O1 57、大肠杆菌 K1 2、阴沟肠杆菌、坂口肠道杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、副伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克氏杆菌、产道克氏杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌具有显著同源性(均大于 88% ) ,表明 gyr A和 par C是这些细菌中的看家基因 ,推测在各种细菌中具有类似的起源 ,因此对在不同细菌之间进行喹喏酮类药物耐药性的研究非常有利。 QRDR的遗传进化分析表明 ,同属或相近属细菌 gyr A或 par CQRDR的遗传距离明显接近 ,其中与大肠杆菌属的距离最近 ,认为可列到同一个属 ,结果有力支持了近年提出的大肠杆菌与志贺菌属于同族细菌的理论。研究对理解喹喏酮类药物耐药性的分子机理及其与细菌遗传进化之间的关系具有重要意义