不同药剂和不同施药方法防治农田灰巴蜗牛效果评价

一些蜗牛常栖息在高大植株上活动为害, 为探索其有效防治方法, 分别在玉米田及美国红枫( Acer rubrum L . )园选用5种杀软体动物剂进行喷雾法(在玉米田仅对植株喷雾、在美国红枫园对树体和地面喷雾)和撒粒法的防效对比试验。重复测量方差分析结果表明：26%四聚?杀螺胺悬浮剂1.125 L/hm2、45%三苯基乙酸锡可湿性粉剂1.125 kg/hm2、70%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂0.75 kg/hm2、40%四聚乙醛悬浮剂1.125 L/hm2喷雾防治灰巴蜗牛( Bradybaena ravida )的效果均显著高于6%四聚乙醛颗粒剂7.5 kg/hm2地面撒粒的防效。不同药剂不同施用方法的防治效果随用药后时间的增加而降低。用药后第3天, 4种喷雾处理在美国红枫上的防效均在90%左右, 在玉米上的防效在80%左右。当蜗牛在高大的植株上栖息为害时, 可用上述药剂按750 L/hm2的药液用量对植株均匀喷雾, 必要时同时进行地面喷雾防效更佳。     

Development of specific PCR primers for identification and detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora capsici</Emphasis> Leon

A PCR-based method was developed for the identification and detection of Phytophthora capsici in pepper plants. Three PCR primers (CAPFW, CAPRV1 and CAPRV2) specific for P. capsiciwere designed based on the sequence of its internal transcribed spacer regions. CAPFW/CAPRV1 amplify a 452 bp product from P. capsici DNA whereas CAPFW/CAPRV2 a 595 bp fragment; neither set amplifies DNA from pepper or several fungi pathogenic to pepper. In conventional (single-round) PCR, the limit of detection was 5 pg DNA for both primer sets, whereas in nested PCR the detection limit for both was of 0.5 fg. However, when the dilution series of target DNA were spiked with plant DNA, amplification declined two-fold in both conventional and nested PCR. The CAPFW/CAPRV2 set in conventional PCR was used to detect P. capsici DNA in inoculated plants. Detection occurred as soon as 8h post-inoculation in stem samples from infected but still symptomless plants. The method was also tested to detect fungal DNA in infected soils.     

A dynamic model simulating infection of apple leaves by Venturia inaequalis

A new dynamic model of the infection of apple leaves by Venturia inaequalis is described. The model begins with the release of spores by rain and incorporates the effect of light on the discharge of ascospores from pseudothecia. The model then simulates infection through the sub-processes of germination, appressorium formation and penetration, separately for ascospores and conidia landed concurrently on wet leaves. The rate of the infection process is determined using different equations for ascospores and conidia. Spore mortality when leaves dry is determined by the stage of infection and RH in the dry period. The infection process is driven by surface wetness, temperature and RH. The progress of each infection period is measured as infection efficiency (IE), namely the percentage of landed spores which have penetrated and thereby infected leaves. The final IE quantifies the favourability of weather in each infection period. In orchard tests in each of three years, the new model detected crucial infection periods in spring and early summer which accounted for outbreaks of leaf scab. These periods were not detected by a static model based on Mills'criteria. The models performed similarly in detecting infection periods later in summer.     

平顶山市农药经营、管理与使用现状调研与思考

为保障舌尖上的安全,农药是关键的农业投入品。本文通过基层调研,探索了目前平顶山市农药经营、管理与使用的现状、存在的问题,并深入思考,提出了取消农药专营,实行农药经营许可制度,修订完善法律法规,搞好经营者技术培训,构建诚信经营体系等建议,对指导平顶山市及全省农药经营市场管理有着积极的推动作用。     

Response of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to linuron

Dry bean producers in Ontario, Canada, have few herbicide options available for annual broad-leaved weed management and there is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to linuron. The tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) application of linuron at the rates of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹ was evaluated in field studies conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter and in 2006 at Ridgetown, Ontario. The four market classes differed in their response to linuron. Cranberry and kidney bean were more tolerant to the PRE application of linuron than black and white bean. Linuron applied PRE caused as much as 12% injury in cranberry and kidney bean, 47% injury in black bean, and 56% injury in white bean. Linuron applied PRE at 500–2500 g ai ha⁻¹ had no effect on the height of cranberry and kidney bean but decreased the height by 7, 8, and 15% in black bean and by 10, 13, and 23% in white bean at 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. Linuron applied PRE at the rates evaluated did not cause any adverse affect on the yield of cranberry, kidney, and white bean but black bean yield was reduced by 16% at 2500 g ai ha⁻¹. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE application of linuron in black and white bean at rates >1000 g ai ha⁻¹. However, there is a potential for the use of linuron PRE for weed management in cranberry and kidney bean at the rates evaluated.     

粗甘油对生长猪生长性能、胴体性状及肉品的影响

通过一个为期138d的饲养试验来测定日粮中粗甘油对生长猪的生长性能,胴体性状,肉质指标和组织结构的影响。本试验使用的粗甘油包含84．51％甘油、11．95％水、2．91％氯化钠和0．32％甲醇。试验选用断奶8天后的仔猪共96头（48头公猪和48头母猪,平均体重为7．9±0．4kg）,按试验开始时的性别和体重分配到24个栏中（4头／栏）。日粮处理为玉米-豆粕型,     

吡虫啉与三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的联合毒力

本文探讨了吡虫啉分别与氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯复配对马铃薯桃蚜的防治效果,为合理有效地应用复配剂对其进行化学防治提供依据。应用共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。采用共毒因子法测定结果表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯混配对马铃薯桃蚜防治有明显增效作用。进一步采用共毒系数法测定表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯复配比例为2∶3时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数达276.82;吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯以6∶1复配时,表现出拮抗作用。     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及序贯抽样

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say是一种重要的害虫,为明确其在新疆的空间分布,及时采取有效的防控措施,在田间调查的基础上,采取随机取样和Iwao回归分析法对新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫成虫、卵块和幼虫的空间分布型、理论抽样数及幼虫的序贯抽样方法进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态空间格局的聚块性指标均大于1,空间分布型为普通群聚型;对低龄幼虫进行序贯抽样,当防治阈值为50头/样方、置信水平为1.96时,防治上、下限方程分别为:d1=50n+81n和d0=50n-81n,当百株虫量达到756头以上时需要进行防治。     

温湿度调控对番茄灰霉病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的影响

 番茄灰霉病菌在致病过程中能够产生4种细胞壁降解酶,以PMG酶活性最高,其次是β-葡萄糖苷酶和PG酶,Cx最少。灰霉病菌在不同温度下侵染番茄叶片时产生的致病酶活性不同,4种酶在20℃时表现了最高的活性,15℃次之,当温度达到25℃时,各种酶的活性都急剧下降,随着温度的再升高,酶活更低。随着湿度的增高,病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性也增加,当相对湿度达到90%以上时,4种酶的活性也达到最高。温湿度对番茄灰霉病菌产生细胞壁降解酶的影响趋势,与其对发病的影响趋势是一致的。