湖南会同县杉木人工林管理碳汇的核算研究

[目的]通过制定森林管理参考水平,计量并核算森林管理活动的合格净碳汇清除量。[方法]采用核证减排标准中农业、林业和其他土地利用项目的自愿碳标准,选取其中改善森林管理的项目方法学标准,并结合不可抗力及湖南会同县的杉木人工林林地资源现状,进行计量和核算湖南会同县杉木人工林的合格碳汇量。该方法学标准包括4个碳库,即地上部分、地下部分、枯死木和木质林产品。[结果]对30年生和23年生杉木人工林进行森林管理活动后,林分碳储量变化量和碳汇量都有明显增加。森林管理参考水平在考虑皆伐的碳排放后的净碳汇量为-82.79 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2),30年生和23年生的总碳汇量分别为441.00、715.46 t二氧化碳当量;实际合格总碳汇量分别为606.59、881.06 t二氧化碳当量。[结论]不同的森林管理采伐强度对30年生和23年生林分碳汇量的影响差异显著。本文分别基于湖南会同森林生态实验站第1代杉木人工林建立参考水平和生态站2代杉木人工林制定参考水平核算会同县杉木人工林碳汇量,结果是基于后者参考水平核算的会同县杉木人工林合格的碳汇量比基于前者参考水平核算的多30 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2)。     

Cu、Zn制剂对油橄榄容器苗生长和根系的影响

[目的]针对油橄榄容器苗存在主根较为粗大、须根极少、根系盘绕等现象开展化学制剂控根试验,找出适宜油橄榄容器苗的化学控根试剂,从而解决根系畸形导致的油橄榄苗木质量差等问题。[方法]采用4种不同浓度的CuSO_4制剂及ZnSO_4制剂对油橄榄2年生容器苗进行控根试验,测定苗高、地径及地上部、下部生物量,通过根系扫描仪分析根系生长特点,探讨各项生长指标以及生理指标对控根效果的影响。[结果]显示:(1)20 g·L~(-1)和60 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂可提高容器苗的地上部分生长量;60 g·L~(-1)和200 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂可显著增加生物量的积累。(2)200 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂对苗木新根着生效果最为显著;120 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂对根系的直径、表面积和体积有良好的促进作用;而不同ZnSO_4控根制剂处理对苗木侧根的各指标产生抑制作用。(3)枝条生长量与侧根长度呈显著正相关性;地径、枝条生长量与侧根表面积呈极显著正相关关系。(4)120 g·L~(-1)的Cu制剂处理后叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量最高,Cu制剂浓度为20 g·L~(-1)时,叶片的叶绿素含量增加。[结论]试验发现质量浓度为120 g·L~(-1)和200g·L~(-1)CuSO_4制剂控根效果良好,可运用于实际生产。     

加勒比松、湿地松苗期生长及叶绿素荧光特性

以加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)16个种源、湿地松(P.elliottii)4个种源2.5 a生营养袋苗木为材料,定期开展生长调查,于2016年7—8月、2017年2月开展叶绿素荧光参数的测定,分析加勒比松、湿地松针叶叶绿素荧光参数对树种、种源、不同测量时间的响应.结果表明,不同种源加勒比松/湿地松的株高、地径生长均存在显著差异(P<0.01);测量时间与树种对最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)有显著影响(P<0.01),二者互作效应不显著,与7、8月相比,测量值均在第2年2月显著提高;两个树种的实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)与表观量子传递速率(ETR)对测量时间的响应模式相反;加勒比松与湿地松叶绿素荧光参数受种源影响不显著;相关性分析表明,加勒比松与湿地松的株高和地径生长与2月Fv/Fm、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)测量值呈一定的负相关关系;高光强抑制了湿地松、加勒比松的叶绿素荧光参数,但抑制效果与生长无明显相关关系;低温造成的胁迫主要抑制了加勒比松的光化学反应,并与其生长表现有一定的负相关关系.可考虑将2月份测量的叶绿素荧光参数作为加勒比松耐寒个体的筛选指标.     

森林认证对生物多样性影响研究进展

维护森林生态系统的完整性,尤其是保护生物多样性是开展森林认证的重要目的之一。文中概述2大国际森林认证体系（FSC和PEFC）认证标准中有关生物多样性保护的要求,分析森林认证对生物多样性的影响,探讨现有认证标准与实现生物多样性保护之间的差距。分析表明,森林认证对生物多样性的保护具有积极作用,森林认证可作为促进生物多样性保护的有力工具;由于受到诸多因素的影响,在全球认证体系中生物多样性保护标准和指标的确立普遍缺乏科学数据支撑,不同区域差异较大,且生物多样性的监测和评估相对滞后。森林认证对全球森林资源的可持续发展具有重要的意义,生物多样性保护工作将成为推动森林认证持续发展的重要力量。     

福建柏优树子代苗期性状遗传变异研究

以24个福建柏优树子代苗木为研究对象,对其生长量、生物量和根系等8个性状指标进行了方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,1年生福建柏苗木各性状之间存在丰富的遗传变异,具有改良的潜力;各性状普遍受到了中等以上的遗传控制,其中总根体积的遗传力最高,达到了0.96;苗高仅与地径、地上鲜质量、总根长、总根体积存在显著或极显著相关,地径、地上干鲜质量、地下干鲜质量、总根长与总根体积相互之间存在极显著的相关;纬度是影响生物量性状的主要地理因子。对8个性状进行主成分分析后,得到能概括所测8个性状78.23%信息的3个主成分,计算出各家系的综合得分。     

Vulnerability of Community-Based Forest Management to Climate Variability and Extremes: Emerging Insights on the Contribution of REDD+

Climate change spurs havoc on social-ecological system. People and places vulnerable to climate change have been the focus of many discussions. However, in the forestry sector, limited studies have been conducted that link human vulnerability to recent initiatives, such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation or REDD+, especially in highly vulnerable countries. Using case studies from the Philippines, this paper focuses on the vulnerability of two community-based forest management (CBFM) organizations, with and without REDD+ readiness intervention, to show the impacts of climate variability and extremes. Two balance-weighted approaches, the livelihood vulnerability index and the IPCC-framework, were used in the vulnerability assessments. Results revealed high vulnerability of both CBFM organizations, although Malitbog Upland Developers for Sustainable Association (MUDSA) livelihood vulnerability is largely aggravated by its exposure to disaster, climate variability and extremes, accessibility to health facilities and water supply. The long history of CBFM implementation in both organizations have minimal contribution in enhancing the adaptive capacity of members to cope with and adapt to climate change impacts. REDD+ (readiness), does not insure reduced vulnerability to climate change, unless sustainable livelihood is achieved. As the State controls forest resources, the rights of CBFM-organizations to commercially benefit from these resources are limited, a disincentive to the development of new and viable development programs in CBFM areas, such as REDD+. This also constrains the achievement of climate resiliency.     

水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系生理和生长的影响

为探索水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系气体变换和生长的影响,以白杨双杂交杂种新无性系Ｂ４３０苗木为试验材料,在３种水分胁迫条件下,对各无性系生理和生长指标进行了分析。结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,无性系苗木的Ｐｎ、Ｔｒ,Ｇｓ,Ｌａ,Ｃｉ等日变化模式基本一致,但受胁迫的苗木各生理过程受到明显抑制。各生长指标对水分胁迫的敏感性不同,苗高和单叶叶面积对水分胁迫最敏感,叶片数和生物量的敏感性较差,随着水分胁迫加强,     

两种接种方式下角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响

[目的]明确两种接种方式(自然迁飞和人工挂袋)下角倍蚜虫瘿的数量和分布及其对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响。[方法]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋形成虫瘿的盐肤木林内,按随机区组设计设置样地,在样地内随机选取有虫瘿树和无虫瘿树,分别测量和统计盐肤木及虫瘿的生长指标,采用方差分析虫瘿对盐肤木生长的影响。[结果]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋两种接种方式下,盐肤木单株虫瘿数没有显著差异。但人工挂袋时,单片复叶的平均虫瘿总体积为170.92±14.85 cm~3、小叶总面积为616.26±32.73 cm~2,显著高于自然迁飞形成虫瘿的总体积85.82±9.40cm~3和小叶总面积482.81±28.51 cm~2。表明人工挂袋接种可以增加虫瘿的总体积,从而提高角倍产量;同时,较大体积的虫瘿还促进了盐肤木小叶的生长,使小叶面积增大。[结论]角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木的枝叶生长具有促进作用,且这种生长促进与虫瘿的体积呈正相关。与自然迁飞接种相比,人工挂袋接种更能发挥盐肤木的生长和结倍潜力,提高角倍产量。     

生物质基SiC陶瓷材料制备及应用研究进展

生物质基SiC陶瓷是一种环境友好的新型材料,具有硬度高、抗氧化、耐腐蚀、力学性能优异等特点,因而受到越来越广泛的关注。文中主要阐述了国内外学者对生物质基SiC陶瓷材料制备方法及应用的研究进展,包括以木材、竹材、稻壳、纸张、废弃棉绒等生物质材料为碳模板,运用液态渗硅法、溶胶凝胶-碳热还原法、气相渗透法3种方法制备生物质基SiC陶瓷方面的研究现状,以及对其作为电磁屏蔽材料、防弹材料、电容器、电极材料、催化剂材料等方面的应用进行了探讨,并分析了当前SiC陶瓷研究存在的问题及未来发展趋势。     

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus jujuba</Emphasis> Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients (soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA (abscisic acid) and GA (gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR (zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth. Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.