猪、奶牛粪厌氧发酵中Pb的形态转化及其分布特征

畜禽粪便经厌氧发酵后其中的铅（Pb）仍然保留在沼液和沼渣中,阐明此发酵过程中 Pb 的形态转化对沼液和沼渣的后续处理有重要的参考意义。该研究以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温（37℃±2℃）条件下,采用连续搅拌反应器进行了130 d中试试验,分析了Pb在固相和液相中的分配及其形态转化。研究结果发现：1）与进料相比,猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中总Pb量降低了约70%和19%;2）猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中Pb在液相中的比例为29%和17%,较发酵前降低约17%和58%;3）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼液中各形态Pb所占比例的大小顺序为：残渣态（35%）>酸溶态/可交换态（34%）>可还原态（24%）>可氧化态（8%）;奶牛粪沼液中为：可还原态（33%）>酸溶态/可交换态（27%）>残渣态（26%）>可氧化态（15%）;4）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼渣中残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态Pb的比例都极显著增加,奶牛粪沼渣中可氧化态Pb的比例极显著增加。猪粪和奶牛粪厌氧发酵后,适合通过沉淀池或氧化塘削减沼液中的Pb含量;但沼渣中Pb的浓度较大且化学形态发生显著变化,建议还田前进行重金属钝化处理。     

Assessment of intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China

OBJECTIVES: To assess the intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Diets of 68 962 subjects aged 2-101 years (urban 21 103, rural 47,859) in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall for three consecutive days. Zinc intake inadequacy was calculated based on values suggested by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The median zinc intake ranged from 4.9 mg day- 1 (urban girls, 2-3 years) to 11.9 mg day-1 (rural males, 19+ years). The zinc density of urban residents (2-3 to 19+ years) was 5.0-5.3 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1, significantly higher than that of their rural counterparts (4.7-4.8 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1). Differences in food sources of zinc from cereal grains (27.4-45.1 vs. 51.6-63.2%) and animal foods (28.4-54.8 vs. 16.8-30.6%) were found between urban and rural residents. Zinc from vegetables and fruits (8.2-13.8 vs. 9.7-12.4%) and legumes (1.3-3.3 vs. 2.5-3.4%) was comparable between urban and rural residents. The proportion of zinc intake inadequacy ranged between 2.8% (urban females, 19+ years) and 29.4% (rural lactating women). Rural residents had higher proportions of zinc intake inadequacy than their urban counterparts. Significantly higher proportions of zinc inadequacy were found in the category of phytate/zinc molar ratio >15 for both rural and urban residents. CONCLUSIONS: About 20% of rural children are at risk of inadequate zinc intake, with phytate as a potential important inhibitor. Moreover, lactating women are also considered a vulnerable group.     

Aerobic soil metabolism of a new herbicide,LGC-42153

To elucidate the fate of a new sulfonylurea herbicide, LGC-42153 [N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-methoxyacetoxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide], in soil, an aerobic soil metabolism study was carried out for 120 days with [(14)C]LGC-42153 applied to a loamy soil. The material balance ranged from 90.7 to 101.5% of applied herbicide. The half-life of [(14)C]LGC-42153 was calculated to be approximately 9.0 days. The degradation products resulted from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. The metabolites identified during the study were N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, 2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, and 4,6-dimethoxy-2-aminopyrimidine. No significant volatile products or [(14)C]carbon dioxide was observed during the study. Nonextractable (14)C-residue reached 14.4-30.5% of applied material at 120 days after treatment, and radioactivity was distributed mostly in the humin and fulvic acid fractions.     

植被护坡现状与展望

阐述了植被护坡的功能和发展历史。指出随着社会经济的发展,植被护坡的功能已从单纯的护坡转向护坡与景观改善并举,并且在有些情况下,以景观改善为主要目的。介绍了目前植被护坡在土质边坡、岩质边坡和水体边坡应用的主要类型与优劣,提出植被护坡存在的问题和植被护坡的发展方向。     

组培微环境热平衡过程的实验研究

温度对组培苗的生长发育具有重要的作用，提高光合光量子通量密度会引起微环境温度强烈变化。为探讨光合光量子通量密度对组培微环境温度的影响，测定了不同光合光量子通量密度下，组培环境中各主要测点温度的历时变化值，分析了组培微环境温度变化的影响因素和热平衡过程，建立了组培微环境的热平衡模式。实验结果表明增高光合光量子通量密度所导致的微环境温升高于经验估测值，必须采取措施降低微环境温度，进一步的分析指出调控组培箱内气温和支承板温度是降低组培微环境温度的有效措施。     

履带式稻(麦)联合收割机液压——机械式行走系统的研究

液压行走系统因其结构简单、操纵方便、转向灵活等特点已广泛在联合收割机中采用。该文分析了液压一机械式联合收割机行走系统的工作过程，并以某联合收割机为例，对液压行走系统的配置方案、液压元件的选型、液压系统主要参数的确定、液压系统的性能验算和实测等方面进行了研究。研究结果表明，此液压行走系统的设计是合理的、可行的，完全可以满足联收机实际使用条件和较恶劣的工况。这为我国联合收割机液压行走系统的设计和配置提供重要的参考价值。     

基于物质平衡原理的贝类循环水养殖系统的设计与试验

为恢复和保护濒危淡水贝类资源,该文根据物质平衡原理,以具有代表性的淡水彩虹贝类为研究对象,设计并构建了一套小型的室内淡水彩虹贝循环水养殖系统,该系统由养殖池、生物过滤器、蓄水池、循环水泵、充氧系统和自动投饵装置等环节组成。并在该循环水系统中对钩介幼虫2日龄的彩虹贝幼贝进行了为期60 d的养殖(2011年6月21日到2011年8月20日),整个养殖周期内,彩虹贝幼贝养殖系统环境稳定,水质稳定良好,彩虹贝幼贝壳长日增长量为15.2μm/d,彩虹贝幼贝的最大相对增长率发生在第40天到第50天,其相对生长率为32.4%,和之前池塘流水、跑道式等养殖模式相比,该循环水系统养殖的彩虹贝幼贝获得了更高的生长率。该研究可为淡水贝类的人工繁育和养殖提供参考。     

Shift in abundance and structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea communities associated with four typical forest vegetations in subtropical region

Purpose

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements that can limit plant growth in forest ecosystems. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are considered as the key drivers of global N biogeochemical cycling. Soil ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities associated with subtropical vegetation remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to determine how AOA and AOB abundance and community structure shift in response to four typical forest vegetations in subtropical region.

Materials and methods

Broad-leaved forest (BF), Chinese fir forest (CF), Pinus massoniana forest (PF), and moso bamboo forest (MB) were widely distributed in the subtropical area of southern China and represented typical vegetation types. Four types of forest stands of more than 30 years grew adjacent to each other on the same soil type, slope, and elevation, were chosen for this experiment. The abundance and community structure of AOA and AOB were characterized by using real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The impact of soil properties on communities of AOA and AOB was tested by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

Results and discussion

The results indicated that AOB dominated in numbers over AOA in both BF and MB soils, while the AOA/AOB ratio shifted with different forest stands. The highest archaeal and bacterial amoA gene copy numbers were detected in CF and BF soils, respectively. The AOA abundance showed a negative correlation with soil pH and organic C but a positive correlation with NO₃ ^??N concentration. The structures of AOA communities changed with vegetation types, but vegetation types alone would not suffice for shaping AOB community structure among four forest soils. CCA results revealed that NO₃ ^??N concentration and soil pH were the most important environmental gradients on the distribution of AOA community except vegetation type, while NO₃ ^??N concentration, soil pH, and organic C significantly affected the distribution of the AOB communities.

Conclusions

These results revealed the differences in the abundance and structure of AOA and AOB community associated with different tree species, and AOA was more sensitive to vegetation and soil chemical properties than AOB. N bioavailability could be directly linked to AOA and AOB community, and these results are useful for management activities, including forest tree species selection in areas managed to minimize N export to aquatic systems.     

基于核函数支持向量回归机的耕地面积预测

科学预测耕地保有量是耕地保护的基础,对缓解用地矛盾、保证粮食安全具有重要指导意义。为探讨不同核函数支持向量回归机(support vector regression,SVR)对耕地面积预测的影响,该文以惠州市为例,分别采用多元回归、BP神经网络及3种不同核函数SVR建立耕地面积预测模型并进行对比试验。预测结果精度分析显示,RBF核函数SVR预测结果平均相对误差为0.54%,均方根误差为0.007,精度最高;Sigmoid核函数SVR预测结果对应误差分别为1.12%及0.012,精度次之;多项式核函数SVR预测结果对应误差为分别为2.71%及0.032,高于BP神经网络模型,但低于多元回归模型。研究表明,在现有3种常用核函数SVR耕地面积预测模型中,基于RBF核函数SVR模型预测能力最强,其次是sigmoid核函数;而多项式核函数则效果较差。     

云南香格里拉特有易危植物中甸刺玫的表型多样性

 利用形态学指标对云南香格里拉县现存的中甸刺玫（Rosa praelucens Byhouwer）3 个天然居 群、1 个由引种植株构成的“引种”群体和1 个由零星散生在农家的植株所构成“农家”群体进行了表型 多样性研究。结果表明：（1）和平村天然居群的植株最高,花最大,果实最大,种子数量最多且百粒质 量最大。乃司村天然居群的叶片小叶数最多,叶片连叶柄最长,果梗最长,但果实最小,种子百粒质量 最轻。联合村天然居群的花色最红且变异最丰富。“农家”群体的植株冠幅最大,花瓣数最多且变异最丰 富。“引种”群体的株高、冠幅、小叶片和花径等的均值最小但变异系数较大,花色最淡,种子数最少。 （2）中甸刺玫种内存在着丰富的表型变异,23 个表型性状的变异系数均值为22.88%,平均表型分化系 数为69.56%,群体间的变异是其表型变异的主要来源。（3）目前引种的植株和自然散生在农家庭院的植 株主要分别从乃司村和联合村人为地直接或间接采集并单独保存下来。基于中甸刺玫的表型多样性及变 异特征,应尽可能地保护较多的居群;从资源利用的角度则应尽量保护群体的完整性以保存其群体内所 蕴藏的观赏性状。