Effect of ammonia and nitrite on vigour,survival rate,moulting rate of the blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> zoea

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on vigour, survival rate, moulting rate of zoea of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, were studied. A total of five nitrite-N treatments (26.67, 53.34, 106.68, 213.36, 426.72 mg/l) and a control (no nitrite-N added) were set up for the acute nitrite-N toxicity experiment; a total of five ammonia-N treatments (8.43, 16.86, 33.72, 67.44, 134.88 mg/l) and a control (no ammonia-N added) were set up for the acute ammonia-N toxicity experiment. The results showed that the vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 53.34 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of nitrite-N were 179.47, 76.56, 66.70, 37.49, 25.01, 25.35, 25.34 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 16.86 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of ammonia-N were 51.04, 39.62, 38.72, 24.43, 16.90, 13.42, 11.16 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The zoeae are highly sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on Portunus pelagicus decrease with development of this crab.     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系46A选育报告

以韩国辣椒品种探将F_2中的不育株为母本,以优良红色素辣椒自交系为父本,进行3×3双列测交,通过日光温室加代选育和网室正茬选育相结合,育成辣椒核质互作雄性不育系46A。不育系46A株形半直立,始花节位10~11节;花冠白色,花药干瘪,柱头浅绿色;保持系果实羊角形,果面光滑,红熟果深红色,果长17.0 cm,果径1.5 cm,单果重12.0 g,辣味中。对病毒病、疫病、炭疽病的田间抗病性高于对照品种美国红。利用46A选配的杂交组合8AF_1、3AF_1、5AF_1、1AF_1、6AF_1具有较强的产量优势,较对照品种美国红(CK1)和探将(CK2)增产极显著。     

Ultrastructure of stridulating organ of Xylotrechus rusticus L. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and behavioral responses to alarm sounds

We used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the ultrastructure of stridulating organs in Xylotrechus rusticus L. We compared the morphological structure and size of stridulating organs, the numbers of a tooth-like part used in stridulation and its presence in females and males of this beetle. The alarm sound of X. rusticus was recorded first when it was stimulated, then we tested behavioral responses to this alarm sound. The alarm sound of X. rusticus has a warning effect on conspecifics.     

Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

不同养殖模式翘嘴鲌肌肉营养品质比较

为评价池塘与大湖不同养殖模式翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)肌肉营养品质差异,试验分析了商品翘嘴鲌肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素含量等营养指标。结果表明:大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉水分含量显著低于池塘翘嘴鲌(P<0.05),粗蛋白质含量高于池塘翘嘴鲌,差异不显著(P>0.05)。池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉,除了赖氨酸和组氨酸以外(P<0.05),绝大部分氨基酸含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量分别较池塘翘嘴鲌高出2.72%、2.87%和2.50%。根据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果,池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,赖氨酸相对含量最高,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为68.81和69.62。池塘翘嘴鲌的棕榈油酸(C16:1)含量显著高于大湖翘嘴鲌(P<0.05),而大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFAs)、高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFAs)、必需脂肪酸(EFA)、EPA+DHA含量则高于池塘翘嘴鲌(P>0.05)。试验检测了池塘与大湖翘嘴鲌肌肉11种矿物元素,其中镁有显著差异(P<0.05),重金属元素(铬、镉、铅)含量均在限量范围以内。综上所述,大湖养殖翘嘴鲌营养品质优于池塘养殖。     

全球基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒流行与疫苗研究进展

非洲猪瘟病毒已在我国定殖并形成较大污染面,国内样品中发现基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒,提示当前临床中实际流行的病毒种群更加复杂。基因I型毒株从1957年传入葡萄牙后,研究人员就开始对其进行研究。多年来,国外对基因I型毒株的流行分布情况特别是弱毒疫苗进行了大量研究,但国内目前尚无这方面的分析讨论。为此,作者就基因I型非洲猪瘟病毒流行与疫苗研究现状进行综述,以期为我国非洲猪瘟的科学防控提供参考。     

湖南省部分地区病猪和屠宰猪群猪圆环病毒感染状况调查

为了解湖南省猪圆环病毒（PCV）流行情况,采用荧光PCR方法,对来自湖南省14个市州的821份临床病料和屠宰场猪淋巴结样品进行PCV1、PCV2、PCV3和PCV4荧光PCR检测。结果显示：在821份样品中,PCV阳性检出率为88.06%（723/821）,阳性检出率由高到低依次为PCV2（81.49%）、PCV3（33.98%）、PCV1（8.04%）和PCV4（1.10%）;278个样品存在两种及以上的PCV混合感染,以PCV2+PCV3混合感染最多,占82.01%;在地域分布上,PCV1、PCV2、PCV3在湖南省各地区均有分布,而PCV4分布范围较小,感染率低。结果表明,湖南省内PCV流行较为普遍,4种基因型病毒都存在,但以PCV2流行最为广泛,需要加强防控。     

2018—2020年湖南省宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病血清学监测

为掌握宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病防控净化效果,2018—2020年在全市开展了牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测工作。共检测1 932个牛羊养殖场户,采集牛羊血清样本32 356份,应用虎红平板凝集试验(RBPT)进行初筛,竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(c ELISA)进行复核。结果显示:2018—2020年共检出阳性场户10个(羊场户9个、牛场户1个),平均场户阳性率为0.52%;检出阳性样品82份,平均个体阳性率为0.25%。2018年场户阳性率为1.57%,个体阳性率为0.33%,2019年场户阳性率为0.15%,个体阳性率为0.06%;2020年场户阳性率为0.24%,个体阳性率为0.41%。2018年检出阳性乡镇5个,2019年1个,2020年2个。结果表明,宁乡市布鲁氏菌病流行得到有效控制,流行范围大幅缩小,但传播风险依然存在,还需继续加大监测和防控力度,加快推进布鲁氏菌病净化。本研究为宁乡市布鲁氏菌病防控提供了数据支撑。     

Effects of a Dual‐Frequency Frequency‐Sweeping Ultrasound Treatment on the Properties and Structure of the Zein Protein

We investigated the effects of a dual‐frequency frequency‐sweeping ultrasound (DFFSU) treatment on the functional properties and structure of zein. The solubility of ultrasound‐treated zein proteins increased slightly but significantly as the treatment time increased. The results showed that the DFFSU treatment had an obvious influence on the mean particle size and the size distribution. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the size of the particles with respect to time was observed after a sonication time of more than 20 min in zein solutions. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that sonication alters the thermal behavior of zein. Circular dichroism spectra showed a small increase in the percentage of ordered structure elements within the protein molecule. After 60 min of ultrasonication, the percentage of α‐helix structures increased by 0.9%, whereas the percentage of β‐sheets and β‐turns decreased by 0.5%. Microstructural analyses by scanning electron microscopy showed that several microholes appeared in the zein following ultrasonic pretreatment. Under the conditions investigated in this study, DFFSU treatment was found to affect the studied functional properties of the zein protein. This technology could be used to obtain improved functional properties in some protein samples.     

动静磨盘式薏苡脱壳试验台设计与试验

薏苡脱壳多采用主粮加工业的一些通用设备,专业加工技术装备缺乏,存在物料品种适应性差、一次脱净率低、破损率高、作业效率低等诸多问题。为找出薏苡脱壳的脱壳方法,针对其物料特性和脱壳要求,分析对比主要的脱壳方法,设计一种动静磨盘式薏苡脱壳机构并进行试验,为薏苡脱壳装置的优化设计提供依据。