基于高光谱特征的土壤有机质含量估测研究

在室内条件下,利用ASD2500高光谱仪测定了潮土和水稻土自然风干土壤样品的光谱。通过系统分析两种不同类型土壤的高光谱特征差异及其有机质含量的敏感波段区位,建立了土壤有机质含量的光谱估测模型。结果表明,具有相同有机质含量的两种类型土壤整体光谱变化趋势无明显差别,但反射率表现出明显差异,一阶导数变换能较好地显现谱图中的肩峰。潮土和水稻土有机质的敏感波段集中在相同区域,原始反射率在685 nm处相关性最高,而一阶导数光谱在554 nm处相关性最高。通过对整体样本的多元逐步回归分析,筛选出两种土壤有机质相同的敏感波段为800 nm、1 398 nm和546 nm。进一步以一阶导数为自变量,基于1 400nm和554 nm两个波段构建了土壤有机质差值指数SOMDI及估测模型,即Y=4.19 12.85×(R_FD554 R_FD1 400)。利用独立的样本对建立的光谱模型进行了检验,预测决定系数均达0.79以上。上述结果表明,利用高光谱技术可实现土壤有机质的快速监测与诊断。     

应用Manure-DNDC模型模拟畜禽养殖氮素污染

畜禽养殖是重要的农业面源氮素污染源头,大量的畜禽粪便施入农田后,会加大农田氮素径流和淋溶损失强度。畜禽养殖废弃物氮素污染过程复杂,涉及到动物自身营养循环以及废弃物通过不同途径进入环境的过程,目前大多通过排放系数法估算畜禽养殖过程产生的氮素污染负荷。该文选用最新版Manure-DNDC模型,以山东小清河流域为例,模拟畜禽养殖及废弃物处理的生物地球化学过程,分析氮素在动物、畜禽粪便、农田之间的迁移转化,探讨该过程中氮素的主要损失途径以及污染物负荷的时空变化特征。模拟结果表明,小清河流域2008年畜禽养殖及粪便处理场所氮素径流损失4.66万t,粪便施入农田后的氮素径流和淋溶损失分别为0.1、0.51万t。     

基于T-S模糊模型的TDR土壤水分传感器标定方法研究

利用TDR土壤水分传感器实现土壤水分数值的精确采集具有现实意义[1-3]。为了获得TDR土壤水分传感器水分含量测量所对应输出电压与实际土壤含水量的良好对应关系,在采用取土实验测量法获得实际水分含量数值与对应输出电压数值的基础上,利用Takagi-Sugeno模型逼进精度高、后件参数线性化等优点[2,4]对TDR土壤水分传感器     

长期施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响

通过土壤有机质物理分组和室内培养的方法,研究了长期定位施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响。结果表明:平衡施肥(NPK、2NPK)和施用有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高玉米产量,降低产量年际变异系数,同时也显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的含量。根据有机碳物理分组方法,将SOC分成五部分,其中,与矿物结合的有机碳占绝对优势,微团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_mM)和大团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_M)分别占SOC的31%～53%和28%～38%,其次为微团聚体间的细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和微团聚体中的细颗粒有机质(iPOM_mM),分别占8%～15%和7%～21%,粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)仅占5%～12%。施有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高了颗粒有机碳组分,包括cPOM、fPOM和iPOM_mM组分碳的数量,但是对矿物结合态碳(s+c_M、s+c_mM)影响不明显。施无机肥对有机碳库组成(除s+c_mM外)影响不显著。在有机肥处理中(OM、NPKOM)土壤有机碳周转速率最快,相应的半衰期最短,是CK处理的0.47倍～0.70倍,是无机肥处理的0.11倍～0.95倍。原土有机碳周转时间与LOC/SOC呈显著正相关(r=0.66*)。研究表明平衡施肥和有机肥能提高土壤地力,同时还有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

负水头供水裸燕麦需水特性及其对不同土壤湿度的生理响应

为进一步明确裸燕麦耗水量及其在不同土壤水分状况下的生理反应,论文在盆栽试验条件下,以负水头持续供水系统为供水装置,比较了裸燕麦、玉米、高粱、大麦和小麦旱地禾本科作物的水分耗散;设置40、60和80cm3个负水头控压高度,测定了"高-中-低"3种土壤湿度下裸燕麦孕穗期叶片光响应曲线及叶片保护酶活力。结果显示:裸燕麦蒸腾系数为455.37,显著(P<0.05)高于其他作物,较高叶片蒸腾速率和较低净光合速率是主要生理原因;降低土壤含水量将降低裸燕麦叶片相对叶绿素含量,但适度降低土壤含水量并未显著(P>0.05)降低叶片光合能力,而适度提高气孔受限程度,有利于提高叶片水分利用效率;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等叶片保护酶活性对不同土壤水分状况响应不一致,中等土壤湿度时SOD活性较高,高土壤湿度时POD活性较高,低土壤湿度时CAT活性响应程度较高。     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

Global Bibliometric Analysis of the Research in Biochar

Global interest in studying biochar stems from its ability to sequester carbon in soil and render nutrients and moisture more readily available to root systems. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate global scientific publications related to biochar research, providing insight into the number of articles published, journal platforms, subjects, citations, and overall trends. The primary databases employed were the Web of Science and Science Citation Index. A total of 1,697 articles published between 2000 and 2015 were evaluated. This systematic bibliometric analysis will assist research groups and individuals to understand global biochar research trends and focus future research. The influence of biochar on soil, plants, and the environment continues to require greater attention.     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

不同类糖接枝改性对花生蛋白膜物理性质的影响

为了改善花生蛋白膜的性能,利用不同小分子糖对花生蛋白进行接枝改性并将改性蛋白制备成膜,分析了糖接枝对花生蛋白膜的强度、延伸性、透光性、溶解性等物理性质的影响。结果表明:糖类物质能提高花生蛋白膜的拉伸强度,其中木糖改性后蛋白膜强度最高,达未经改性花生蛋白对照膜的1.77倍;葡萄糖对蛋白膜的延伸性影响最大,断裂延伸率最高,达对照膜的1.92倍;木糖能改善花生蛋白膜的耐水性,使膜的溶解性显著下降。综合来看,木糖接枝改善花生蛋白膜性能的效果较好,当蛋白/木糖质量比为10时,蛋白膜拉伸强度为1.48 MPa,断裂延伸率为218.92%,溶解性60.80%,蛋白膜浸泡24 h后仍保持完整膜状态。该研究为花生蛋白膜的性能改善以及进一步开发利用提供理论依据。