Impacts of changing climate on the productivity of Norway spruce dominant stands with a mixture of Scots pine and birch in relation to water availability in southern and northern Finland

A process-based ecosystem model was used to assess the impacts of changing climate on net photosynthesis and total stem wood growth in relation to water availability in two unmanaged Norway spruce (Picea abies) dominant stands with a mixture of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula sp.). The mixed stands were grown over a 100-year rotation (2000-99) in southern and northern Finland with initial species shares of 50, 25 and 25% for Norway spruce, Scots pine and birch, respectively. In addition, pure Norway spruce, Scots pine and birch stands were used as a comparison to identify whether species' response is different in mixed and pure stands. Soil type and moisture conditions (moderate drought) were expected to be the same at the beginning of the simulations irrespective of site location. Regardless of tree species, both annual net canopy photosynthesis (P(nc)) and total stem wood growth (V(s)) were, on average, lower on the southern site under the changing climate compared with the current climate (difference increasing toward the end of the rotation); the opposite was the case for the northern site. Regarding the stand water budget, evapotranspiration (E(T)) was higher under the changing climate regardless of site location. Transpiration and evaporation from the canopy affected water depletion the most. Norway spruce and birch accounted for most of the water depletion in mixed stands on both sites regardless of climatic condition. The annual soil water deficit (W(d)) was higher on the southern site under the changing climate. On the northern site, the situation was the opposite. According to our results, the growth of pure Norway spruce stands in southern Finland could be even lower than the growth of Norway spruce in mixed stands under the changing climate. The opposite was found for pure Scots pine and birch stands due to lower water depletion. This indicates that in the future the management should be properly adapted to climate change in order to sustain the productivity of mixed stands dominated by Norway spruce.     

新疆加工辣椒根腐病病原鉴定

以制干辣椒根腐病病样为分离对象,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对致病菌进行鉴定。结果表明:共采集根腐病样211个,从中分离获得161个分离物,其中镰刀菌Fusarium spp.121个,占总分离物的75.16%;其它菌40个,占24.84%,说明镰刀菌是新疆加工辣椒的主要致病菌。经致病性测定后,采用形态学观察结合18SrDNA-ITS、EF-1α和β?tubulin 3个序列分析,将80株有致病性的镰刀菌鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)和茄病镰刀菌(F.solani),其中尖孢镰刀菌57株,占镰刀菌分离物的47.11%;茄病镰刀菌23株,占19.01%。     

The effects of gap size and age on natural regeneration of Picea mongolica in the semi-arid region of Northern China

The aim of this work was to study the effects of gap size and age on natural regeneration of endangered tree species Picea mongolica W. D. Xu, which is only found in the semi-arid region of Northern China. For this purpose, six random transect belts of varying size were established in Baiyinaobao Natural Reserve. The number, height and age of P. mongolica saplings were inventoried. Results show that the total number of saplings per hectare and corresponding number and relative share of saplings in height class I (0.1–0.99 m) decreased along with increasing gap size, opposite to height class III (6–9 m). In height class II (1–5.99 m) the number of saplings per hectare and their relative share increased first slightly and then decreased with the increase of gap size. The number of saplings and their relative share in each height class changed similarly with the increase in the distance to the edge of the mature stand (p < 0.05). Gap age also significantly affect the number of saplings per hectare or their height distribution except in height class II. The distance to the mature stand edge played a very important role in the success of natural regeneration for species P. mongolica.     

Modelling the distribution of wood properties along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management

In this work, empirical ring-based models were developed to predict the distribution of early wood percentage, wood density and fibre length along the stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as affected by silvicultural management. The performance of the ring-based models was also compared for Scots pine and Norway spruce with corresponding disc-based (cross-sectional) models. Moreover, both models were integrated with example simulations by a process-based growth and yield model to analyze how management, such as thinning, affects the growth and wood properties of Scots pine trees over a rotation as an average for the tree stem, but also along the stem.The ring-based models built for annual early wood percentage (explained by ring width), air dry wood density (explained by early wood percentage and cambial age) and fibre length (explained by radial growth percentage and cambial age) predicted reasonably well the wood properties both at an intra-ring level, but also at a cross-sectional level. These predictions were also reasonably well in line with corresponding cross-sectional predictions by the disc-based models (which predicted the properties based on the number of annual rings and diameter at breast height and/or the cross-section being considered and temperature sum). The example simulations also demonstrated that both models predicted slightly lower wood density for dominant trees compared to dominated ones grown in thinned and unthinned Scots pine stands over a rotation. Unlike the disc-based model, the ring-based model predicted, on average, higher early wood percentage in dominant trees than in dominated ones. However, fibre length was not significantly affected when the averages of the whole stems were predicted, and this held true for both ring- and disc-based models.In summary, the incorporation of empirical ring-based wood property models into a process-based growth and yield model, offers a means to study in detail how environmental conditions, forest structure and management affect the quantity and properties of stem wood produced over a rotation. The disc-based wood property models used in this work are based on data with large geographical and genetic variation, and therefore may turn out to be more applicable for predicting future wood and fibre resources at a regional and national level. This kind of integrated use of wood property models with a process-based growth and yield model could help us to evaluate the forest resources under current and changing climate.     

硝草酮在玉米田的除草效果及安全性研究

2005年在北京市小汤山进行了田间试验,对硝草酮做茎叶处理的除草效果及对玉米的安全性进行了研究。结果表明:供试试验田反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻、苦蘵、龙葵、稗草、马唐对硝草酮敏感。铁苋菜、马齿苋对该药中度敏感。牛筋草、狗尾草、葎草、野西瓜苗、扁蓄、打碗花、刺儿菜、半夏对该药不敏感。该药对阔叶杂草防效好于对禾本科杂草的效果。供试剂量范围内,随施药量增加对敏感杂草防效提高。杂草3～4叶期施用10%硝草酮水悬浮剂70g/667m2的处理对稗草和马唐鲜重防效接近90%,对反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻鲜重防效在90%以上;100g/667m2及140g/667m2的处理对稗草和马唐鲜重防效为90%～95%,对反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻鲜重防效在95%～100%。杂草叶龄越小,硝草酮对其防效越高。禾本科杂草3～4叶期前用药防效理想,阔叶杂草反枝苋、苘麻等10叶期施药也能达到较好防效。10%硝草酮水悬浮剂施药剂量应为70～100g/667m2商品量。硝草酮100～140g/667m2的处理个别玉米植株叶片表现白化,叶片白化的植株占全小区植株数的3%～20%,但随作物生长药害症状消失。硝草酮水悬浮剂40～70g/667m2在玉米3～8叶期用药,对玉米中单44产量无影响。该剂量在玉米3～4叶期用药,对8个供试玉米品种生长及产量无影响。     

海南金煌芒果叶片营养规律研究

通过对海南省三亚市金煌芒果叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B十一种营养元素含量进行全年跟踪分析,结果表明：⑴金煌芒果叶片养分年平均含量大小为：N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S>Mn>Fe>B>Zn>Cu,其中N、Ca含量较高,P、Mg、S、Zn含量月变化不明显。⑵金煌芒果的生长周期可分为4个阶段:营养生长期(5～9月)、生殖生长期(9～11月)、果实膨大期(11～2月)和果实成熟期(2～4月)。各阶段叶片养分含量变化规律有所差异: 营养生长期,叶片中营养元素除K、Cu含量有所下降之外,其余营养元素均有不同程度的升高。生殖生长期,叶片中的营养元素N、B、Ca含量上升,其他元素含量有不同程度的下降。果实膨大期,叶片中的N、K、Fe、Zn、B含量下降,Ca、Cu、Mn含量上升。果实成熟期,叶片中N、Mn、Fe、B、Cu含量均有不同程度增加,K、Ca含量有所降低。     

Diversity and dominant species of arthropods in different forests of Aershan, Inner Mongolia

Taking different forests in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as sample plots,diversity and dominant species of arthropods were studied.The results show that two classes,17 orders,68 families,130 species and 3742 individuals were identified and 92.31% of total species appeared in natural forests,and 75.38% of total species appeared in plantations.The orders of Lepidoptera,Coleop-tera,Diptera and Hymenoptera covered most of the collected arthropods.In different forest types,diversity indices is natural mixed forests...     

‘红肉蜜柚’果实汁胞粒化与不同组分POD活性的关系

为了研究‘红肉蜜柚’[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck.cv.Hongrou miyou]果实汁胞粒化过程中不同结合态过氧化物酶(POD)的变化,以及赤霉素处理对此的影响。以赤霉素处理和未经赤霉素处理的‘红肉蜜柚’果实的近中柱和远中柱汁胞为材料,统计粒化指数后,进行POD提取体系筛选与酶活测定。发现‘红肉蜜柚’果实汁胞粒化指数逐渐上升,有无赤霉素处理无明显变化;可溶性POD最佳提取体系为pH8.0,0.1 mol/L Tris-HCl的缓冲液;离子结合POD的为含0.1%Triton和1 mol/L Na Cl的pH8.0,0.1 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液;未检测到共价结合POD活性。此外,可溶性、离子结合POD活性在生长发育过程中整体呈下降趋势,且无论是否经赤霉素处理,近中柱与远中柱汁胞的可溶性POD活性均存在极显著差异(p0.01),而离子结合POD活性均无显著差异(p0.05);无论近中柱或远中柱,有无赤霉素处理的可溶性POD均存在极显著差异(p0.01),而离子结合POD活性仅在远中柱汁胞中有极显著差异(p0.01)。所以,可溶性POD可能与汁胞粒化关系密切,而离子结合、共价结合POD和赤霉素对汁胞粒化的影响有待进一步研究。     

The effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem

? The aim of this work was to analyze how the forest structure affects the risk of wind damage at the landscape level in a boreal forest.

? This was done by employing: (i) Monte Carlo simulation technique for generating landscapes with different age class distributions, proportions of open areas (gaps), and tree species composition; and (ii) a mechanistic wind damage model, HWIND, for predicting the critical wind speeds at downwind stand edges of open areas (gaps) for risk consideration. The level of risk of wind damage observed at the landscape level was significantly affected by the presence of gaps and old stands. Even a slight increase in the proportion of gap areas or older stands had a significant impact on the total length of edges at risk. As a comparison, variation in species composition (Scots pine and/or Norway spruce) had much smaller impact on the risk of damage.

? In conclusion, the effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage should especially be considered by forest managers in day-to-day forest planning in order to reduce the risk of wind damage both at the stand and landscape level.