板栗良种‘燕宽’

板栗良种‘燕宽’,是通过实生选优获得,属中国栗华北品种群。该品种优质,丰产,早熟,抗寒性强,坚果均质量8.3 g,可溶性糖19.5%,淀粉48.5%,蛋白质6.05%,9月上旬成熟,无大小年现象,是适于中国北方山地、丘陵区栽培的优良品种。     

Scots pine responses to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration: growth and wood properties

Growth and wood properties of 20-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were studied for 6 years in 16 closed chambers providing a factorial combination of two temperature regimes (ambient and elevated) and two carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) (ambient and twice ambient). The elevation of temperature corresponded to the predicted effect at the site of a doubling in atmospheric [CO2]. Annual height and radial growth and wood properties were analyzed during 1997-2002. Physical wood properties analyzed included early- and latewood widths and their proportions, intra-ring wood densities, early- and latewood density and mean fiber length. Chemical wood properties analyzed included concentrations of acetone-soluble extractives, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. There were no significant treatment effects on height growth during the 6-year study. Elevated [CO2] increased ring width by 66 and 47% at ambient and elevated temperatures, respectively. At ambient [CO2], elevated temperature increased ring width by 19%. Increased ring width in response to elevated [CO2] resulted from increases in both early- and latewood width; however, there was no effect of the treatments on early- and latewood proportions. Mean wood density, earlywood density and fiber length increased in response to elevated temperature. The chemical composition of wood was affected by elevated [CO2], which reduced the cellulose concentration, and by elevated temperature, which reduced the concentration of acetone-soluble extractives. Thus, over the 6-year period, radial growth was significantly increased by elevated [CO2], and some wood properties were significantly affected by elevated temperature or elevated [CO2], or both, indicating that climate change may affect the material properties of wood.     

Distribution of Toxocara infection in the environment and in definitive and paratenic hosts in Estonia

The aim of the study was to elucidate the distribution and possible transmission routes of Toxocara spp. infection in Estonia. Out of 454 faecal and sand samples collected from park lawns and sandpits in the town of Tartu, 19 were Toxocara positive (4.2%). Out of the 45 sandpit samples 17.8% were Toxocara positive. Cat faeces was found in 21 sandpit samples. Parasitological necropsies were performed on 41 euthanised stray dogs and 27 cats in the Tallinn Dog Home. Additionally, 13 wild free-roaming brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were captured from the Tallinn Dog Home territory, necropsied and studied for the presence of Toxocara larvae. Toxocara canis adults were found in 14.6% of the dogs and Toxocara cati (syn. mystax) adults in the small intestines of 48.2% of the cats examined. Larval infection was detected in the kidney and liver in 5 dogs (12.2%). Our study demonstrated only low-level larval Toxocara infections in adult dogs. Toxocara larvae were not found in cats and brown rats. According to the results of this study, cats more often carry Toxocara infection than dogs. Under our conditions, stray and free-roaming cats are the main contaminators of the environment with Toxocara eggs. Children playing in sandpits are the main risk group for larval toxocarosis.     

Methanogen activity in relation to water table level in two boreal fens

We studied methanogen activity—measured by in vitro methane production potential and by detection of the messenger RNA (mRNA) of a functional gene—in two boreal fens under high and deep water table (WT) level conditions resulting from a rainy growing season and a dry growing season. The depth of the highest CH₄-producing layers differed between the years. In the wet year, the highest CH₄ production rate was around 20 cm below the mean WT. In the dry year, the highest rates were measured close to the peat surface, well above the mean WT. The distribution of activity in the peat profiles of the two fens appeared to be site specific. Under deep-WT conditions, CH₄ production potential was generally lower than that under high-WT conditions. Detection of the mRNA of the methanogen-specific mcrA gene indicated in situ methanogenesis in both water-saturated peat (below the WT) and unsaturated peat (above the WT). Analyses of DNA-derived and mRNA-derived methanogen community structures showed greater similarity between those two in water-saturated peat than in unsaturated peat. This suggested that favorable conditions promoted the activity of most members in methanogen communities, but unfavorable conditions showed differences between distinct community members in adaptation to adverse conditions.     

果树砧穗互作研究进展

果树砧穗互作相关机理的研究对于揭示嫁接亲和性、营养平衡以及信号调控器官形态建成具有重要意义。综述了果树砧穗互作相关机制,并指出目前存在问题和未来发展方向。研究表明:(1)砧穗间细胞正确识别和信息交流是嫁接正常愈合的关键,生理生化代谢物质也影响嫁接体的愈合;(2)嫁接体成活后,砧木直接影响接穗营养水平,接穗调控砧木根系生长发育并产生反馈作用,砧穗间内源激素含量及比例和一些可远距离传递的信号物质参与调控嫁接体发育过程;(3)嫁接杂交为果树育种提供新的方向。未来应进一步研究内源激素如何调控嫁接愈合及嫁接体营养运输、远距离移动的信号物质和嫁接遗传物质改变的分子机制。     

溶胶凝胶法固定葡萄糖氧化酶并用于化学发光型的葡萄糖传感器

本文利用硅酸乙酯 (TEOS)的溶胶凝胶过程对葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD)进行了固定 ,并制备了不同载体下的 GOD酶柱。实验结果表明 ,GOD可在 Si O2 的溶胶凝胶中保持较高的活性。将此酶柱用于流动注射化学发光分析体系 ,可实现对葡萄糖的在线检测 ,测定的线性范围为 10～ 10 0 0 μm ol/ L,检出限为 0 .8μmol/ L,RSD为 1.6 %。此传感器的使用寿命长 ,测定结果与新国标方法——酶 -比色法的测定结果相吻合     

Elevated temperature and CO(2) concentration effects on xylem anatomy of Scots pine

We studied the effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) alone and together on wood anatomy of 20-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. The study was conducted in 16 closed chambers, providing a factorial combination of two temperature regimes and two CO(2) concentrations (ambient and elevated), with four trees in each treatment. The climate scenario included a doubling of [CO(2)] and a corresponding increase of 2-6 degrees C in temperature at the site depending on the season. Anatomical characteristics analyzed were annual earlywood, latewood and ring widths, intra-ring wood densities (earlywood, latewood and mean wood density), tracheid width, length, wall thickness, lumen diameter, wall thickness:lumen diameter ratio and mass per unit length (coarseness), and numbers of rays, resin canals and tracheids per xylem cross-sectional area. Elevated [CO(2)] increased ring width in four of six treatment years; earlywood width increased in the first two years and latewood width in the third year. Tracheid walls in both the earlywood and latewood tended to become thicker over the 6-year treatment period when temperature or [CO(2)] was elevated alone, whereas in the combined treatment they tended to become thinner relative to the tracheids of trees grown under ambient conditions. Latewood tracheid lumen diameters were larger in all the treatments relative to ambient conditions over the 6-year period, whereas lumen diameters in earlywood increased only in response to elevated [CO(2)] and were 3-6% smaller in the treatments with elevated temperature than in ambient conditions. Tracheid width, length and coarseness were greater in trees grown in elevated than in ambient temperature. The number of resin canals per mm(2) decreased in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment and increased in the elevated temperature treatments relative to ambient conditions. The treatments decreased the number of rays and tracheids per mm(2) of cross-sectional area, the greatest decrease occurring in the elevated [CO(2)] treatment. It seemed that xylem anatomy was affected more by elevated temperature than by elevated [CO(2)] and that the effects of temperature were confined to the earlywood.     

生态城镇建设的思考

本文阐述了生态城镇建设的理念、发展思路和建设标准,探讨了生态园林城市建设的标准和应注意的问题;提出了生态城镇建设要转变观念、科学规划、可持续发展.     

不同品种柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力研究

本文以5类（宽皮橘类、甜橙类、柚类、柠檬类和金柑类）柑橘共5个品种的果皮提取液为原料,评价各品种的抗氧化能力。实验采用DPPH法和ABTS法测定柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力,用IC₅₀值来评价柑橘的抗氧化性,并综合分析了各品种柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力强弱。结果表明,供试柑橘的果皮均具有良好的抗氧化性,不同样品柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力不同,综合抗氧化能力由高到低为：太田椪柑>金弹>北京柠檬>纽荷尔脐橙>坪山柚,即在5类柑橘品种中,宽皮橘类的抗氧化能力最强,金柑类次之,柠檬类和甜橙类较弱,柚类最弱。     

土耳其斯坦叶螨对转基因棉花的寄主选择性

为了研究土耳其斯坦叶螨对转基因棉及其亲本常规棉寄主选择性,以及转基因植物生化特性及形态特征对叶螨寄主选择性的影响,以转基因棉花中棉41、SGK321及其亲本常规棉中棉23、石远321为材料,通过半叶碟选择性试验研究棉叶螨对棉花的取食选择性及产卵选择性,并测定不同品种棉花的营养物质和次生代谢物的质量分数及形态指标。结果表明,棉叶螨对常规棉中棉23和石远321表现出明显的取食偏好和产卵偏好性;转基因棉花中次生代谢物棉酚的质量分数显著高于亲本棉花。因此,土耳其斯坦叶螨对常规亲本棉花的寄主偏好性可能与外源基因导入引起植株代谢变化有一定关系。