SSR-based genetic linkage analysis of resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) is a serious foliar disease of the pasture and turfgrass perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Previous genetic studies have detected both qualitative and quantitative resistance mechanisms, and interpretation of the genetic system is complicated by variation within the sexually reproducing pathogen. Resistant and susceptible parental genotypes of ryegrass were identified using a composite urediniospore population collected from three geographically distinct locations. A two-way pseudo-testcross mapping population was obtained as the F₁ progeny of the pair-cross between ryegrass parental genotypes Vedette₆ and Victorian₉. Both parents showed intermediate resistance against a pathogen population collected in a single geographical zone (Hamilton, Victoria), but in the F₁ population, significant variation for a range of resistance-associated characters was detected. Statistical analysis of phenotypic data suggested a major gene effect, hence bulked segregant analysis with map-assigned simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was used to scan the genome. A marker showing strong association with resistance was assigned to linkage group (LG) 2 of perennial ryegrass. Analysis of 11 LG2 SSR markers defined an interval between loci xlpssrh03f03 and xlpssrk02e02 as containing the gene or genes (LpPc1) conferring crown rust resistance. Resistance gene determinants were inherited from both parents, with up to 80% of the total phenotypic variation explained by markers segregating from Vedette₆ and up to 26% of the variation explained by markers segregating from Victorian₉. The two contributions together resulted in an additive increase in effect, with fully resistant individuals requiring determinants from both parents. A conserved syntenic relationship was observed with linkage group B of Avena strigosa, which is the location of a cluster of resistance genes to the oat form of crown rust. The implications of this study for marker-assisted selection of disease resistance in perennial ryegrass are discussed.     

蔬菜保护地木霉菌rDNA-ITS序列和UP-PCR遗传多样性分析

采用传统形态学分类和ITS序列比对的方法,研究蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群分布和遗传多样性。木霉菌分离培养结果显示,共获得397株木霉菌,鉴定出11个种,分别为:长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、深绿木霉T.atroviride、哈茨木霉T.harzianum、粘绿木霉T.viren、微孢木霉T.minutisporum、拟康木霉T.pseudokoningii、黄绿木霉T.aureoviride、非钩木霉T.inhamatum、棘孢木霉T.asperellum、长孢木霉T.longipile和螺旋木霉T.helicum。经ITS序列建立系统发育树后,将木霉菌分为5个组。用5条通用引物经UP-PCR扩增后,扩增出46条谱带,其中多态性条带43条,占总条带数的93.5%。遗传多样性分析表明,当相似系数为0.80时,可将24个菌株划分为9个组。UP-PCR与ITS序列相比,更能体现木霉菌种间和种内的亲缘关系及遗传差异性,可以作为木霉菌分类的辅助方法。     

氟虫腈在甘蓝和土壤中的残留分析方法

本文建立了氟虫腈及其代谢物在甘蓝和土壤中的残留分析方法。该方法仪器最低检出量为5×10 -12g,最低检出浓度为0.0005mg/kg,平均回收率为85.4 %～95.8 % ,变异系数为2.3 %～12.0 %     

Yield Effects of Barley yellow dwarf virus in Soft Red Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Three cultivars of soft red winter wheat were evaluated to determine the relationship between the incidence and time of infection by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and yield. Wheat was planted in 1995, 1996, and 1997 in a split-plot design with six replicates at sites in Indiana and Illinois. Yield plots were infested with different amounts of viruliferous aphids, and the incidence of BYDV in each plot was measured. In a 2-year study in Illinois with cv. Clark and the PAV-IL isolate of BYDV, yields were assessed following aphid infestation in fall, early spring, and late spring. Early spring infections resulted in larger yield reductions than late spring infections in both years and larger than fall infections in one year. Regression analyses to relate incidence of infection and yield with data from fall and early spring infections provided R(2) values of 0.89 and 0.51 for the 1996 to 1997 and 1997 to 1998 seasons, respectively. An additional study at the same site in the 1996 to 1997 season compared the yield responses of cvs. Clark, Y88-3e, and PT8935b. Increases in the incidence of BYDV correlated with decreases in yield, with R(2) values of 0.80, 0.78, and 0.90 for the three cultivars, respectively. Estimated yield losses in both studies and all cultivars ranged from 27 to 45 kg/ha or 0.34 to 0.55% for each percent increase in virus infection. In a third study over a 2-year period in Indiana with the same three wheat genot ypes and a second BYDV isolate (PAV-P), BYDV treatments resulted in significant reductions in yield, but yield loss and the incidence of BYDV were not linearly correlated. Given the differences in yield reductions caused by the two BYDV isolates, PAV-P may be an attenuated strain of BYDV and may cross-protect plants from naturally occurring strains of the virus.     

Monitoring neonicotinoid resistance in biotype B of Bemisia tabaci in Florida

BACKGROUND: Biotype B of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), is a worldwide pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, including the neonicotinoid class. Florida field populations were monitored for susceptibility to the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam using a cut leaf petiole bioassay method. RESULTS: Average RR₅₀ values for imidacloprid increased from 3.7 in 2000 to 12.0 in 2003; decreased to 5.0 and 2.5 in 2004 and 2005, respectively; and then increased to 26.3 and 23.9 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Populations with RR₅₀ values of about 50 to 60 during generation one reverted to RR₅₀ values of ?4 in six generations, when reared without further exposure to imidacloprid. Average RR₅₀ values for thiamethoxam increased from 2.0 in 2003 to 24.7 in 2006 and decreased to 10.4 in 2007. Populations with RR₅₀ values of about 22, 32 and 53 during generation one declined to 8, 5 and 6, respectively, after being reared for five generations without exposure to thiamethoxam. The correlation coefficient from the 26 populations that were bioassayed both with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam showed a significant positive correlation (R² = 0.58) between these populations. CONCLUSION: The high level of RR₅₀ values to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam suggest an unstable decline in the susceptibility of B. tabaci to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, with possible cross‐resistance or predisposition for dual resistance selection. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

黑河中下游水资源开发中出现的问题地质问题

黑河中游是河西走廊主要的商品粮基地,下游地区是内蒙古阿拉善高原的主要天然草场。近半个世纪特别是进入９０年代以来,由于中游地区工农业经济持续发展引起的用水量的不断增加和人类活动的加剧及全球气候干旱化趋势的影响,进入下游的河川径流量逐步减少,在中游地区出现区域性地下水位持续下降、泉水资源不断衰减、土壤盐渍化等环境地质问题的同时,使下游地区原本就已十分脆弱的生态环境急剧恶化,全面引发了湖泊干涸、水质恶化     

Growth and survival of juvenile red drum,Sciaenops ocellatus,acclimated to freshwater at three different stocking densities in a partial recirculation system

Preliminary technical baseline information for the inland culture of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in a freshwater fish hatchery is presented. Three initial stocking densities (d₁ = 83, d₂ = 167, and d₃ = 250 fish/m³) were tested in a semirecirculation system for 575 days using a commercially available feed (48.1% protein, 25% lipids, and 0.13% fiber). Initial and final mean fish weight were 7.11 ± 0.02 g and 287.6 ± 27 g. As carrying capacity appeared to have been reached, only data from Days 1–333 were analyzed. One‐way ANOVA analyses indicated that the survival rate of the smaller density (d₁ =40 ± 3.7%) was significantly different from the other two densities (d₃ = 21 ± 1.1% and d₂ = 23 ± 1.0%), which did not differ between them. Absolute growth rate (0.87 ± 0.02 g/day) was not significantly different between densities (F = 0.23. p = .801). Neither was weight significantly different between treatments. There were significant differences in the feed conversion rate (FCR) between densities (F = 8.54; p = .02). FCR for d₁ was significantly lower than for the two other densities, which did not differ from each other. A von Bertalanffy growth model was adjusted (R² = 0.95), and weight–length relationship presented negative allometric values (b = 2.85, R² = 0.98).     

强酸性电解水浸种对黄瓜种子发芽与幼苗生长影响的研究

研究了不同浓度（有效氯浓度）强酸性电解水浸种对黄瓜种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响, 结果表明：低、中浓度电解水对黄瓜种子发芽率没有影响,高浓度电解水会抑制种子发芽;适宜浓度电解水浸种可提高种子胚芽生长速率,促进黄瓜幼苗生长与干物质积累,提高黄瓜幼苗素质,而高浓度电解水则产生抑制作用;黄瓜浸种适宜的电解水指标为：pH 2.35左右、ORP 1135mV左右、有效氯浓度 30 mg·L-1左右。