Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1978/1979

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1978 and 1979 were put together and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1978/1979

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1978 und 1979 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1978 1979

, 1978 1979 . .

     

Root production and root mortality of winter wheat grown on sandy and loamy soils in different farming systems

Winter wheat was grown over 2 years (1995, 1996) in an organic and integrated cropping system on sandy and loamy soils. Root growth was measured on five to six occasions each year with an auger sampling procedure and the ingrowth core method. The first resulted in an estimate of net root development, while the latter revealed gross root growth (GG) or root production. Total root production was about 80-150 km m^-2 (0- to 30-cm soil layer) between April and July and exceeded the net size of the root system at harvest by a factor of between 2 and 4. The C input into the soil could be estimated as 1.4-2.6 t ha^-1 by this root production. The cropping systems had nearly no influence on root production. The largest differences occurred between the years. The net root length tended to be lower on sandy soils compared to the loam, but total root production was higher. Root mortality, which is the difference between GG and net root growth, was also higher on sandy soils. The turnover index, which is the mean of the relative root production rates and relative root mortality rates, was positively related to the soil sand content in both years.     

Hydrochemical modelling of a stream dominated by organic acids and organically bound aluminium

An existing hydrogeochemical model, the Birkenes model (BIM), has been extended to include production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil/water system and its chemical interactions with H⁺ and A1³⁺. The model has been calibrated and verified using precipitation and runoff data from the Svartberget catchment in northern Sweden. The catchment is impacted by moderate amounts of sulphur deposition (6 kg S ha^?1 a^?1; the stream is high in DOC (7–35 mg L^?1) and experiences episodically low pH-values (～4.0). The refined BIM is able to simulate the main variations in major chemical components of the stream water (H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al_i, Al₀, Cl^?, SO₄ ^?2 and DOC), as well as stream discharge and ¹⁸O, while Na⁺ is not well reproduced. Although very simplified relationships are used for the chemical interactions between DOC and H⁺ and aluminium, the model shows that these interactions are essential to stream acidity and aluminiumspecies content. Some of the model parameters are poorly determined by calibration with runoff data only. Soil and soil water investigations may contribute to the evaluation and development of the model structure and the representation of chemical processes. Further improvements of the model should emphasize DOC-production/absorption, detailed studies on DOC chemical behaviour and hydrological structure.     

Feldversuche zur Nmin-Dynamik eines stauwasserbeeinflußten Plaggeneschs unter Winterzwischenfrüchten nach Anbau von Körnerleguminosen (Vicia faba L.)

Field experiments on the N_min-dynamics of an Aquic Plaggen Soil cultivated with wintercrops following legumes (Vicia faba L.) Throughout the years 1987/88 field experiments were conducted to study the ability of three different wintercrops (winter barley [Hordeum vulgare], winter rap seed [Brassica rapa ssp olifera] and Italian Rye-grass [Lolium multiflorum]) to accumulate residual N_min from the preceding cultivation of grain legumes (Vicia faba L.) in their above ground plant material and then to reduce NO₃-leaching. Further, the temporal N_min-dynamics of the soil cultivated with the wintercrops was studied as compared with layland. The soil used was classified as an Aquic Plaggen Soil overlying a Gleyic Podzol (FAO systematics). The winter crops were able to accumulate 23–52 kg N/ha within their above ground plant material. Because of the aquic moisture regime of the soil N_min was dominated by 92–100% of ammonium nitrogen. Evidence was found for the translocation of ammonium nitrogen from 0–30 down to 30–60 cm of soil depth suggesting some denitrification phenomena.     

Bericht über eine Reise in die ČSSR 1981 zur Sammlung autochthoner Sippen von Kulturpflanzen

Zusammenfassung Auf einer Reise in die westliche Slowakei konnte interessantes Material seltener Kulturpflanzen und Landsorten gesammelt werden (insgesamt 594 Proben, insbesondere Getreide und Leguminosen). Viele dieser Formen sind im Gebiet unmittelbar vom Aussterben bedroht.

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Report on a travel for the collection of indigenous taxa of cultivated plants to the SSR in 1981

Summary During a travel to western Slovakia interesting material of rare cultivated taxa and land-races could be collected (altogether 594 samples, mostly cereals and grain-legumes). Many of these races will soon be extinct in this region.

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1981 .

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. H.Stubbe aus Anlaß der 80. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages gewidmet.     

水分循环与水分资源的更新

以具体资料论述了以下问题：（１）世界水分资源，循环和更新状况；（２）人口发展与水分利用的关系，指出人口增加２倍，水分用量要增加４倍；（３）水质与儿童死亡率的关系，指出有些国家因水质差，儿童死亡率达１５％～２０％；（４）中国随着人口的增加，净水用量将会出现严重短缺；（５）农业发展与地下水形成的关系，指出地面植被越释，地下不形成越多，相反则越少，简述了陕西降水，径流及蒸发状况，提出对节约用水，提高水分     

Biomass equations for selected drought-tolerant eucalypts in South Africa

In the water-scarce environment of South Africa, drought-tolerant eucalypt species have the potential to contribute to the timber and biomass resource. Biomass functions are a necessary prerequisite to predict yield and carbon sequestration. In this study preliminary biomass models for Eucalyptus cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala and E. grandis · E. camaldulensis from the dry West Coast of South Africa were developed. The study was based on 33 trees, which were destructively sampled for biomass components (branchwood, stems, bark and foliage). Simultaneous regression equations based on seemingly unrelated regression were fitted to estimate biomass while ensuring additivity. Models were of the classical allometric form, ln(Y) = a+x₁ln(dbh)+x₂ln(h), of which the best models explained between 70% and 98% of the variation of the predicted biomass quantities. A general model for the pooled data of all species showed a good fit as well as robust model behaviour. The average biomass proportions of the stemwood, bark, branches and foliage were 60%, 6%, 29% and 5%, respectively.     

Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Istro-Romanians of Zejane in Croatia

An ethno-pharmacognostic survey was carried out in one of the smallest ethnic and linguistic groups in Europe: the Istro-Romanians of the village of Zejane (in Croatia), which has a population of approximately 140 persons, mainly elderly. Using an intensive field participant observation methodology, we recorded about 60 remedies of the local folk pharmacopoeia, and mainly derived from plants. Among them, the uncommon traditions to use homemade vinegar from wild apple (Malus sylvestris) and Cornelian cherries (Cornus mas) for diverse medical purposes, and houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) against ear pains have been briefly discussed.     

Comparison of ecological condition and conservation status of English yew population in two Austrian gene conservation forests

English yew Taxus baccata L. has been catalogued as endangered tree species and prone to extinction in Austria as well as many other parts of Europe. The present work is based on the comparison of the natural population of two gene conservation forests from different geographic locations in Austria where the spatial structure, regeneration status and possible conservation measures are examined. The pole stand distribution varied distinctly in each sites. The total no of individuals per ha （DBH ≥5 cm）, average DBH and average height were 492 n.hm^-2, 8.8 cm and 6.3 m in Stiwollgraben whereas in Leininger Riese 45 n.hm^-2, 16.3 cm and 7.6 m respectively. Over 79% of the Stiwollgraben population were represented the good health condition, while in Leininger Riese it was less then 49 % which means population of Stiwollgraben is in better condition compared to Leininger Riese. The sites differed considerably in the pattern of regeneration but pattern were consistent with the dynamics depicted by the age distribution. Considering the one-year-old seedlings Stiwollgraben contains 13 019 individuals.hm^-2 whereas Leininger Riese only 1 368. Surprisingly there were no any saplings in respect of 51 to 150 cm height classes in both sites and 30 to 50 cm in Stiwollgraben. In that context the conservation of English yew on the forest level may require well-managed reserves and long-term rotations between harvest events, protection from the herbivore and reduction of competition, which will enhance the long-term viability of the species.