Using a wheat-rye amphihaploid population to map a rye gene responsible for dwarfness

Gene identification in cross-pollinating plants such as rye can be arduous and time consuming because of the difficulties involved with genetic population construction. Here, we provide an alternative approach for the construction of mapping populations to rapidly map genes in cross-pollinated cereal rye. The aim of the present experiments was to genetically analyze the dwarf stature expressed by a germplasm accession of rye. The dwarf phenotype was reversible when the seedlings were exposed to gibberellic acid; the reductions in plant height occurred via reductions in cell size. A mapping population was constructed by generating a set of wheat-rye amphihaploids bred from a single rye plant heterozygous for the dwarfing gene(s). The dwarfness phenotype was expressed in the amphihaploid background, and segregation in the mapping population was consistent with the presence of a single gene. Using rye SSR markers, the gene responsible was located on chromosome arm 1RL, which is also the location of the known rye dwarfing gene Ddw3. This gene is valuable for dwarf breeding of wheat as well as rye.     

文丘里施肥器空化特性数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法对结构优化后的文丘里施肥器进行空化特性研究,探讨了空化影响施肥器性能的原因,揭示了施肥器内部流动耗能机理.研究结果表明:随着施肥器进出口压差不断增大,吸肥口负压值不断降低,吸肥流量不断增大,当吸肥口负压降低到最低值时,吸肥口负压值保持不变,吸肥流量将保持恒定,此后随着施肥器进出口压差不断增大,首先在喉部与扩散段连接处产生空化,并沿扩散段壁面向下游不断扩大增厚.通过比较不同压差条件下,施肥器不同截面的能量特征发现,未发生空化时,随着压差增大,喉部能量损失也增大,约占施肥器总损失的1/2左右;空化发生时,随着压差增大,喉部能量损失保持不变,而扩散段能量损失不断增大,这是由于空化的发展使扩散段流态恶化,空化区域外部及尾部产生大范围的涡,消耗较多能量,大量的无效能量损失使得施肥器吸肥效率急剧下降.     

汉麻割晒机研制与试验

针对黑龙江省大力发展汉麻产业的现状,研制出一款汉麻割晒机。介绍了该机的设计思路、结构组成、工作原理,主要部件的安装与调试方法,并进行了田间试验。结果表明,该机设计合理,性能可靠,促进了汉麻收获机械化进程。      

小麦玉米一体化氮肥运筹对小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】 综合研究氮肥的产量效应、氮肥利用率以及土壤–作物体系中的氮素平衡,始终是评价氮肥合理施用与否的关键。本试验在小麦、玉米一体化施氮肥条件下研究了周年氮肥用量及其分配比例对小麦产量与氮素利用的影响。 【方法】 试验采用裂区设计,主区为2个小麦品种新麦21和宛麦20,裂区设小麦–玉米两熟制周年3个氮肥用量300、450和600 kg/hm2,次裂区设小麦、玉米作物间3个氮肥分配比例4∶6、5∶5、6∶4,3年定位研究不同施氮量下产量、氮肥利用效率和0—100 cm土壤硝态氮的变化。 【结果】 氮肥用量和分配比例对两个品种产量及产量构成因素均有显著影响,新麦21在年施氮量450 kg/hm2且分配比例为5∶5、6∶4和年施氮量600 kg/hm2,且分配比例为4∶6时产量较高,处理间差异不显著。宛麦20在年施氮量450 kg/hm2,且分配比例为5∶5、6∶4时产量较高,处理间差异不显著。年氮肥用量600 kg/hm2,且分配比例为4∶6和年施氮量450 kg/hm2,且分配比例为4∶6、5∶5时全年产量较高,处理间差异不显著。通径分析表明,成穗数对新麦21产量影响最大,穗粒数对宛麦20产量影响最大。新麦21、宛麦20氮肥利用率最佳的处理分别为年施氮量450 kg/hm2,且分配比例5∶5和年施氮量600 kg/hm2且分配比例为4∶6。年氮肥用量450 kg/hm2,且分配比例为5∶5时0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量增加不明显;除年氮肥用量300 kg/hm2处理,其他处理土层硝态氮均有不同程度的增加。 【结论】 综合考虑周年产量和氮素利用,本试验条件下周年施氮肥450 kg/hm2,小麦、玉米为5∶5分配比例有利于作物全年高产高效。      

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance of Hu sheep during pregnancy

This study aimed to determine the effect of stage and level of feed intake on energy metabolism,carbon-nitrogen(C-N)balance,and methane emission to determine energy and protein requirements for maintenance of maternal body including pregnancy tissues during pregnancy using the method of C-N balance.Twenty-one ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly divided into three groups of seven ewes each in the digestion and respirometry trial at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.Three groups were fed a mixed diet either for ad libitum intake,70 or 50%of the ad libitum intake during pregnancy.The results showed that the apparent digestibility of C and N were increased as feeding levels decreased at each stage of gestation.The daily net energy requirements for maintenance(NE_m)were 295.80,310.09,and 323.59 k J kg~(–1)BW~(0.75)(metabolic body weight)with a partial efficiency of metabolisable energy utilization for maintenance of 0.664,0.644,and 0.620 at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.The daily net protein requirements for maintenance were 1.99,2.35,and 2.99 g kg~(–1 )BW~(0.75) at d 40,100,and 130 of gestation,respectively.These results for the nutritional requirements of the net energy and protein may help to formulate more balanced diets for Hu sheep during pregnancy.     

Long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their association with vegetation in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia,China

It is not certain that long-term grazing exclusion influences arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi and their association with steppe vegetation. In this study, soil and plant samples were collected from two sites of grazing exclusion since 1983(E83) and 1996(E96), and one site of free-grazing(FG) in the typical steppe of Xilinguole League, Inner Mongolia, China, and assayed for soil basic physicochemical properties, AM fungal parameters, aboveground biomass and shoot phosphorus(P) uptake as well. The results showed that long-term grazing exclusion of E83 and E96 led to less drastic seasonal changes and significant increases in spore density, hyphal length density and root colonization intensity of AM fungi and even soil alkaline phosphatase activity, by up to 300, 168, 110 and 102%, respectively, compared with those of FG site. In addition, the total aboveground biomass and shoot P uptake of E83 and E96 were 75–992% and 58–645%, respectively, higher than those of FG. Generally, the root colonization intensity, spore density, and hyphal length density of AM fungi were all positively correlated with the aboveground biomass and even shoot P uptake of plant. These results may imply that grazing exclusion play a critical role in increasing the growth of AM fungi, and subsequently, may increase plant P uptake and aboveground biomass production. Moreover, the spore density could sensitively reflect the impacts of long-term grazing exclusion on AM fungi since survival strategy of spores in soil.     

Nectar secretion of RN-type cytoplasmic male sterility three lines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Significant progress has been achieved in the use of heterosis in soybean and several soybean hybrids have been released in China. However, broad use of hybrid soybean seed is limited due to low seed setting of female parents. Breeding cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) lines with high out-crossing rate is necessary to solve the problem. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between out-crossing rate of CMS lines and their nectar secretion. The daily nectar secretion rhythm, meteorological effect on nectar secretion, and differences in nectar secretion among genotypes and years were investigated in 27 soybean CMS lines(A-lines) with their maintainers(B-lines) and restorers(R-lines). The correlation between out-crossing rate of CMS lines and nectar production was also evaluated. Nectar secretion had diurnal variation. Secretion initiated at about 06:00 for most materials and reached a peak at 07:00–08:30 after flower opened, then the nectar secretion decreased gradually. A sub-peak appeared at about 13:00, while the nectar could not be detected at 17:00. Nectar secretion was greatly influenced by the weather conditions. The amount of nectar secretion increased gradually over time during periods of high temperature and no rainfall for several days. Rainy weather and low temperatures inhibited nectar secretion. There were obvious variations of nectar amount among different genotypes tested. Significant nectar variation within a genotype among years was also observed, and the highest nectar secretion was 3-fold higher than the lowest. The amount of nectar secretion from R-lines was significantly higher than that of A-and B-lines. There was no significant difference in nectar secretion between A-and B-lines. A-and B-lines with higher out-crossing rates secreted more nectar. The amount of nectar secretion of A-and B-lines were significantly positively correlated with the out-crossing rate of A-lines.     

不同插竿方式诱集稻田福寿螺产卵的效应

【目的】研究田间不同插竿方式对福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata产卵的影响。【方法】通过插竿位置、插竿间距、插竿高度及竹竿形状4个因素研究不同的插竿方式对福寿螺产卵的诱集效率。【结果】稻田插竹竿能诱集福寿螺在其上产卵,且在竹竿上收集到的福寿螺卵块数量呈现返青期拔节期抽穗期的变化趋势。在效果最明显的返青期,距离田埂1 m的竹竿对螺卵诱集效率达到50%以上,显著高于其他位置竹竿及对照水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05);距离田埂2 m的竹竿次之,距离田埂3 m的竹竿和对照最少。间距100 cm的竹竿诱集螺卵效率为41%,间距30 cm的为33%,显著高于间距70 cm及未插竹竿区域内水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05)。顶端距离水面高度30 cm的竹竿与距离水面高度50 cm的竹竿诱集产卵效率分别为43%和40%,显著高于高度10 cm及未插竹竿区域内水稻茎秆上的卵块数(P0.05)。圆形竹条与扁竹竿在此时期收集得到的卵块数无显著差异。水稻移栽后,在靠近田埂1 m处和顶端距离水面30~50 cm的高度扦插1圈间距为100 cm的竹竿,在福寿螺为害盛期,螺卵发生密集的小范围区域内减小间距为30 cm沿田埂内周扦插1圈竹竿,均能达到较好的螺卵防除效果。【结论】实际生产中在田间合理地扦插竹竿可有效减少福寿螺卵块,降低福寿螺繁殖率,减少螺害。本研究可为物理控螺提供一条新的有效途径。     

灌溉定额分配及水磷耦合对滴灌苜蓿 生长规律的影响

【目的】 研究不同灌溉定额分配及水磷耦合对滴灌苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)生长规律的影响。【方法】 设3种灌溉梯度,分别为:5 250 m³/hm²(W₁)、6 000 m³/hm²(W₂)、6 750 m³/hm²(W₃),在灌水量为6 000 m³/hm²(W₂)下,设3种灌溉定额分配模式:(1)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%(F₁)、(2)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%(F₂)、(3)刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%＋刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%(F₃)。在三种灌溉梯度下分别设3种施磷模式为:施P₂O₅ 50 kg/hm²(P₁)、100 kg/hm²(P₂)、150 kg/hm²(P₃)。【结果】 不同灌溉定额分配条件下,各茬次F₂处理苜蓿植株达到最快生长速率的天数最少为17~18 d,F₁处理苜蓿生物量的增长空间最大,且受灌溉定额分配的影响最小;不同水磷耦合条件下,各茬次W₃P₂处理苜蓿植株达到最快生长速率的天数最少为15~16 d,W₁P₃处理、W₂P₃处理、W₃P₃处理苜蓿生物量的增长空间最大,W₃P₃处理受水磷影响最小。【结论】 在苜蓿达到最大生长速率15~18 d时进行水肥管理效果最佳,且刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%,刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%,以及适宜灌溉量(6 000 m³/hm²)与施磷量(P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm²)的有效耦合,均有利于建植第二年滴灌苜蓿生长潜力的有效发挥。     

高粱幼叶细胞悬浮系的建立

以高粱无菌苗幼叶为试验材料,对颗粒状胚性愈伤组织的获得、细胞悬浮系的建立及影响悬浮细胞生长的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：幼叶在MS（Murashige and Skoog）+2mg/L 2,4-D培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织,经2~3次继代筛选后获得了浅黄色、颗粒状胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织接种于液体培养基中,于25±1℃、黑暗条件下,经45~60d的悬浮震荡培养建立了高质量的细胞悬浮系,细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,细胞密度可达6.45×10 ⁵~5.08×10 ⁶个/mL以上,活细胞率可达72.76%,近圆细胞率可达87.50%;培养基的基本成分、激素种类和水平对悬浮细胞生长状态有很大的影响,相比1/2MS培养基,MS培养基为适宜的培养基,2,4-D对保持细胞系的稳定增殖至关重要,适宜的浓度为1mg/L;培养液中加入0.5mg/L KT或6-BA会造成悬浮液褐化,影响悬浮细胞的生长;最适宜的细胞悬浮培养基为L2培养基（MS+1mg/L 2,4-D,30g/L蔗糖,pH5.8）,震荡培养转速为110~120r/min,继代周期为7d,新旧培养基的接种比例为2∶1。