乳粉溶解度测定的不确定度评定

[目的]研究乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定。[方法]根据《GB 5413.29—2010 食品安全国家标准婴幼儿食品和乳品溶解性的测定》中的第二法溶解度的测定来测定乳粉的溶解度。通过分析不确定度的来源,建立完整的数学模型,对模型中的各影响因素的不确定度进行评定和计算,合成相对标准不确定度,计算相对扩展不确定度。[结果]当取置信度为95%时,得到的乳粉溶解度：X=（99.97±1.60） g/100 g,取k=2,扩展不确定度为U=1.60 g/100 g。[结论]该方法可以为乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定提供参考依据。     

Study on Nutritional Characteristics of Cottonseed Hull as a Feed of Sheep

In this paper through digestive and metabolic experiments studied the voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of cottonseed hulls (kernel-contained CH,kernel-free CH) and cornstalk on sheep to evaluate the nutrition value and digestion characteristics of cottonseed hulls.12 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into two groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,fed with kernel-free CH by 400 (group 1) or 800 (group 2) g/(head·day) respectively,to estimate the digestibility of CH by difference method;As well,another 18 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into three groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,cafeteria feeding with kernel-contained CH (group 3),kernel-free CH (group 4) or ground cornstalks (group 5) respectively,to study the effects of three diets on the voluntary intake,digestion and metabolism of sheep.The results showed that the apparent digestibility of the DM,OM,CP,cellulose,hemicellulose and energy of kernel-free CH by sheep were 46.71%,47.37%,-53.40%,66.60%,62.48% and 42.59%,respectively.There were no significant differences in the intake of DM,OM,cellulose,hemicellulose,energy and Ca between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05);Intake of CP and P in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);Intake of lignin in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly lower than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of DM,OM and energy between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).The apparent digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose in kernel-free CH group were significantly and extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01),respectively.The apparent digestibility of CP in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,CP,cellulose and energy in ground cornstalks group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P< 0.01),however,the apparent digestibility of Ca and P were lower than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).Intake and retention of nitrogen in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);The was no significant difference in the retention of nitrogen between kernel-free diet group and cornstalk diet group (P> 0.05).It was concluded that CH was a kind of special forage with larger intake,higher digestibility on the fiber substances and energy,but with a serious obstruction on protein digestion;The nutritional value between kernel-free diet and cornstalk diet was almost equal,and with lower nitrogen digestibility on kernel-free diet.     

伪狂犬病病毒感染诱导和抑制细胞凋亡

用伪狂犬病病毒 (pseudorabies virus,PRV)鄂 A株感染非免疫健康初生仔猪 ,5 d后出现典型的伪狂犬病临床症状。从感染 PRV鄂 A株仔猪的肾脏、肝脏、扁桃体、胸腺、腹股沟淋巴结、颈部淋巴结等组织细胞提取的 DNA,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈现大小不等的 180～ 2 0 0 bp整倍数的寡核苷酸片段梯状条带 ,经 PCR方法鉴定为 PRV DNA。末端脱氧核苷转移酶原位标记 [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(Td T) - conjugated d UTP nick end labelling,TUNEL ]法显示 ,部分凋亡的阳性细胞呈现染色质凝聚、细胞核固缩、染色质靠核膜边聚集等形态学变化 ,说明 PRV诱导细胞凋亡是造成急性感染时组织器官广泛损伤的重要原因之一 ;而 PRV感染的大脑、小脑、嗅球及脊髓等神经系统组织中未观察到上述细胞凋亡特征 ,说明 PRV可以抑制急性感染时神经细胞发生凋亡。本试验结果显示 ,在 PRV急性感染状态下 ,病毒诱导细胞凋亡是杀伤细胞的重要途径之一 ,同时这一过程又可通过神经系统病毒基因隐性感染及潜伏期的建立而受到抑制     

农田黑土中不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响

通过黑土盆栽试验研究了施用化肥条件下不同浓度乙草胺对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,虽然在整个取样期间,植株体内无乙草胺残留检出,但是乙草胺施用对玉米苗期的形态和生理指标均具有一定影响。植株中超氧化物歧化酶活性、地下部分过氧化物酶活性和株高、根长等形态指标在玉米生长前期发生明显变化,其变化趋势受到乙草胺施用量的显著影响。在施有等量化肥的条件下,低浓度和高浓度乙草胺的施用抑制了玉米的生长,但中等浓度乙草胺对苗期玉米的生长表现出一定的促进作用。随着种植时间的延长,乙草胺活性降低,植物体的各项抗性指标和生理指标趋于一致。     

华北平原夏玉米干旱灾害的时空变化特征及危险性评估

气候变化背景下,农业气象灾害呈面积逐年扩大、发生频率增加的趋势,且旱灾较其他灾害对农业的影响范围更广、历时更长,为了科学应对夏玉米干旱,保障夏玉米高产稳产,利用1980—2019年华北平原43个站点的气象数据,基于水分亏缺指数作为干旱指标,采用频次和站次比阐明了夏玉米主要生育阶段干旱灾害变化规律;利用信息扩散理论和层次分析法评估了夏玉米干旱危险性。结果表明：(1)华北平原夏玉米干旱以轻旱为主,阶段性差异明显,抽雄—乳熟阶段受旱严重,40年间平均各站点发生28次干旱,干旱站次比平均值为69.5%。(2) 2010—2019年是夏玉米受旱影响加重阶段,呈现干旱连年发生、范围明显扩大的特征。(3)夏玉米干旱的危险性整体呈西高东低趋势,河南大部及河北南部是干旱危险性高值区和次高值区,面积占比分别为12.1%,23.4%。综上,华北平原夏玉米干旱有加重和扩散趋势,抽雄—乳熟阶段受旱可能性较大,河南大部及河北南部干旱危险性较高,需加强对干旱的预报、监测及风险防控工作。     

冬小麦生物量及氮积累量的植被指数动态模型研究

利用遥感技术实时监测小麦生长状况,依据监测结果适时促控,可提高产量。本研究以高产小麦品种周麦27为试验材料,在不同试验地点设置了水氮耦合的大田试验,筛选出了适宜监测冬小麦地上部氮积累量和生物量的植被指数,并构建了不同产量水平下优选植被指数的动态模型。结果表明,(1)不同的水氮耦合模式显著影响小麦冠层光谱变化,在350~700nm和750~900nm表现相反的反应特征;(2)对2个农学生长指标反应敏感且兼容性好的植被指数主要有修正型红边比率(mRER)、土壤调整植被指数[SAVI(825,735)]、红边叶绿素指数(CIred-edge)和归一化差异光谱指数(NDSI),其与产量间相关性较好的时期为拔节至灌浆中期;(3)双Logistic模型可以很好地拟合植被指数的动态变化,高产和超高产水平下拟合精度较高(R^2>0.82),而低产水平下相对较低(R2=0.608~0.736)。比较而言,CIred-edge和SAVI(825,735)用于评价小麦长势较为适宜。研究结果对作物因地定产、以苗管理、分类促控具有重要意义。     

有机、特别与常规栽培对八种蔬菜土壤养分和酶活性的影响

通过田间试验比较了有机、特别与常规栽培对8种蔬菜土壤基本养分和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培相比,有机栽培和特别栽培能够提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,改良酸性土壤,并显著提高了土壤酶活性。有机栽培蔬菜土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。特别栽培的各项土壤指标基本介于有机和常规之间。研究表明有机栽培能够提高土壤养分和土壤酶活性。     

不同播期、密度和肥料对菜用板蓝根产量及品质的影响

为探索菜用板蓝根在毕节地区的优质高产栽培措施,通过田间试验研究菜用板蓝根不同播期、密度和氮钾肥施用量对产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在毕节地区,菜用板蓝根适宜播期为4月30日左右,种植密度为50．025～66．70万株/hm2,钾肥施用量为150～300 kg/hm2,氮肥施用量为778 kg/hm2左右,在此栽培条件下,产量可达73947．96～76749．35 kg/hm2,且品质较好,蛋白质、脂肪、水溶性糖及维生素含量较高,粗纤维含量较低。     

硅对不同pH水田土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响

以硅酸钠为硅源,在中和其碱性和消除钠离子影响的基础上,进行不同温度条件下的吸附等温试验,探讨了加硅对土壤镉吸附热力学特征的影响。结果表明:不同硅水平下,Freundlich方程均可较好地描述三种温度下(25、35、45℃)两种土壤镉的吸附特征;在不同的温度下,加硅均降低了碱性土壤镉的吸附容量、增大了其吸附强度,增加了酸性土壤镉的吸附容量、降低了其吸附强度;两种土壤吸附镉的热力学参数均为ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0,说明土壤对镉的吸附均是吸热、熵增的自发过程;加硅后,碱性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变大、ΔH变小、ΔS变小,酸性土壤对镉吸附过程的ΔG变小、ΔH变大、ΔS变大,说明与对照相比,加硅使碱性土壤吸附镉的自发性降低,使酸性土壤吸附镉的自发性提高。