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A rubber-cacao agroforestry combination was bioeconomically modeled for a forty year cycle. A number of scenarios were simulated to find the planting densities and management strategies that achieve best production and profit levels for each situation. This example is presented to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of a simulation approach to agroforestry modeling.
Programación En agrosilvicultura, una combinación caucho-cacao se modeló bioeconómicamente para un ciclo de cuarenta años. Se simuló un número de guiones para hallar las densidades de plantación y estrategias de utilización que conllevan la mejor producción y niveles de aprovechamiento en cada situación. Este ejemplo pretende demostrar las posibilidades y ventajas del método de simulación en modelaciones agrosilviculturas.相似文献
104.
Agroforestry Systems - Organic farming offers an alternative that can eliminate many of the environmental problems of conventional agriculture in the industrialized world. Instead of using... 相似文献
105.
ABSTRACT Two fungi were isolated from grapevines in Michigan vineyards with Eutypa dieback symptoms: Eutypa lata and Eutypella vitis. These fungi are difficult to distinguish morphologically but are genetically distinct as determined by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The ITS regions of 25 Eutypa lata and 15 Eutypella vitis isolates were sequenced. Eutypa lata sequences were more variable than those of Eutypella vitis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for each species and evaluated against isolates of both fungi as well as 11 closely related Diatrypaceous fungi and 23 isolates of other fungi representing various pathogenic, saprophytic, and endophytic genera on grape and other small fruit crops. The primers were specific for their intended species. A nested multiplex PCR protocol was developed and used to successfully detect these fungi in wood samples from cankers with and without stromata from naturally infected vines as well as in artificially inoculated, potted canes. The primers developed in this study will assist in our abilities to diagnose and study the roles of Eutypa lata and Eutypella vitis in Eutypa dieback development. 相似文献
106.
Martínez S Madrid J Hernandez F Megías MD Sotomayor JA Jordan MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(18):6598-6602
The effect of the essential oils of thyme on the in vitro ruminal degradability of a barley seed/alfalfa hay substrate was studied. Two essential oils were used, one from Thymus hyemalis (TH), rich in carvacrol, and the other from Thymus zygis (TZ), rich in thymol. Four experimental treatments of in vitro degradability, using the Daisy II(200/220) incubator, were conducted including a negative control (CO), a positive control at 7.5 microg/mL of monensin (MO), and two treatments with essential oils (TH or TZ) at 1.35 microL/mL. The material was incubated at 39.5 degrees C for various lengths of time. At each time, the disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber was measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined after 48 h of incubation. CO and MO provided (p < 0.01) higher values of potential degradability (a + b) of DM than the TH and TZ treatments (72.6 and 70.8 vs 53.2 and 48.2%, respectively). Also, crude protein degradability was lowest in the essential oil treatments. The CO treatment showed the highest potential degradability of NDF. The values of VFA production obtained (p < 0.001) with CO and MO treatments were higher than those obtained with TH and TZ treatments (21.0 and 19.1 vs 11.2 and 10.1 mM). The essential oils decreased the molar proportion of propionate, increasing the acetate/propionate ratio. In conclusion, the effects of essential oils at assayed doses would not be nutritionally beneficial to the ruminal energetic metabolism. 相似文献
107.
Iliev ID Funari VA Taylor KD Nguyen Q Reyes CN Strom SP Brown J Becker CA Fleshner PR Dubinsky M Rotter JI Wang HL McGovern DP Brown GD Underhill DM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6086):1314-1317
The intestinal microflora, typically equated with bacteria, influences diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that the mammalian gut contains a rich fungal community that interacts with the immune system through the innate immune receptor Dectin-1. Mice lacking Dectin-1 exhibited increased susceptibility to chemically induced colitis, which was the result of altered responses to indigenous fungi. In humans, we identified a polymorphism in the gene for Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) that is strongly linked to a severe form of ulcerative colitis. Together, our findings reveal a eukaryotic fungal community in the gut (the "mycobiome") that coexists with bacteria and substantially expands the repertoire of organisms interacting with the intestinal immune system to influence health and disease. 相似文献
108.
Tennessen JA Bigham AW O'Connor TD Fu W Kenny EE Gravel S McGee S Do R Liu X Jun G Kang HM Jordan D Leal SM Gabriel S Rieder MJ Abecasis G Altshuler D Nickerson DA Boerwinkle E Sunyaev S Bustamante CD Bamshad MJ Akey JM;Broad GO;Seattle GO;NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6090):64-69
As a first step toward understanding how rare variants contribute to risk for complex diseases, we sequenced 15,585 human protein-coding genes to an average median depth of 111× in 2440 individuals of European (n = 1351) and African (n = 1088) ancestry. We identified over 500,000 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), the majority of which were rare (86% with a minor allele frequency less than 0.5%), previously unknown (82%), and population-specific (82%). On average, 2.3% of the 13,595 SNVs each person carried were predicted to affect protein function of ~313 genes per genome, and ~95.7% of SNVs predicted to be functionally important were rare. This excess of rare functional variants is due to the combined effects of explosive, recent accelerated population growth and weak purifying selection. Furthermore, we show that large sample sizes will be required to associate rare variants with complex traits. 相似文献
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110.
JE Katz X Zhang K Attenkofer KW Chapman C Frandsen P Zarzycki KM Rosso RW Falcone GA Waychunas B Gilbert 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6099):1200-1203
Electron mobility within iron (oxyhydr)oxides enables charge transfer between widely separated surface sites. There is increasing evidence that this internal conduction influences the rates of interfacial reactions and the outcomes of redox-driven phase transformations of environmental interest. To determine the links between crystal structure and charge-transport efficiency, we used pump-probe spectroscopy to study the dynamics of electrons introduced into iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles via ultrafast interfacial electron transfer. Using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we observed the formation of reduced and structurally distorted metal sites consistent with small polarons. Comparisons between different phases (hematite, maghemite, and ferrihydrite) revealed that short-range structural topology, not long-range order, dominates the electron-hopping rate. 相似文献