Genetic mapping and utilization of quantitative trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato

Introgression of trichome-mediated insect resistance from the wild speciesSolanum berthaultii has become a major focus of the potato improvement program at Cornell University during the past twelve years. Several quantitative characters are involved in this resistance which is effective against a wide range of pest types. Correlative biochemical assays have been developed to assay specific components of the resistance, and the effects of the resistance on the target pests have been studied. Quantitative laboratory assays and specific measurements of insect behavior and biology have increased the precision of selection and enable the investigation of the genetic control of the resistance.We are currently using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for genetic mapping of factors controlling the trichome traits fromS. berthaultii. Backcrosses to both the wild and the cultivated species parents have been evaluated for phenotypes contributing to the resistance mechanism, including trichome density, sucrose ester and polyphenol oxidase production by the trichomes, and the enzymatic browning reaction responsible for insect entrapment. Genetic maps are being developed for these progenies, using RFLP markers previously mapped in potato. Field and greenhouse trials under insect infestations are also being conducted with the mapping progeny. Our goal is to locate genes responsible for quantitative insect resistance by correlating RFLP variation at mapped loci with the trichome phenotypes and insect resistance. Genetic markers for these traits will be useful in transfer of the effective wild chromosomal segments into and among tetraploid potatoes, and for a better understanding of the resistance mechanism.     

东亚飞蝗蝗蝻抽样的研究

自五十年代以来,应用于东亚飞蝗蝗区估计蝗蝻种群密度的抽样方法,是样方为10平方尺的筒单随机抽样。本文是以抽样数、抽样消耗、相对精确度为标准,对三种抽样模型、三个抽样单位进行了比较。根据这些结果,我们提出了在当前蝗蝻密度较低的情况下,应采用样方为100平方尺的最适配额分层抽样。这种抽样方法在精确度方面可以高出现用的抽样方法2倍以上。而抽样时间消耗可相对节约一半以上。     

水稻三化螟蚁螟在稻株上的定向、着生习性及对水稻不同组织和人工合成“稻酮”的趋化性反应试验

本项工作的目的在于探求水稻三化螟Tryporyza incertulas(Walker)初孵幼虫在稻株上的定向特性,为鉴定水稻的不同生育期、品种植株间的抗螟性能做一些基本工作。其次,以人工合成的“稻酮”进行蚁螟趋化反应试验。工作系于1961—1964年进行。所得结果初步表明:1.在稻株上的定向部位:蚁螟侵入孔距稻株基部的相对高度为,分蘖期<10厘米;圆秆期10—20厘米,孕穗期后>30厘米。在生长期相同的植株上,籼稻>粳稻。入侵途径以叶鞘侧部的脉间蛀入为主,部分咬脉而入。2.蚁螟在分蘖期至圆秆期稻株上主动选择叶鞘部位入侵,并非由“向地性”所支配。3.蚁螟对各生育期水稻叶鞘组织的趋化反应与成虫的产卵选择性相吻合,即偏选分蘖期与孕穗期的稻株(或叶鞘)。4.在稻株叶鞘及孕穗穗苞内含有诱致蚁螟的物质,而在稻叶叶片组织内可能含有拒食作用的物质。5.蚁螟着生数量,在秧苗上为,17天秧>44天秧;在分蘖与圆秆期稻株上,籼稻>梗稻。6.一定浓度的人工合成“稻酮”能明显地引起蚁螟的嗅觉反应。     

胡桃长足象研究初报

胡桃长足象是核桃果实的大害虫,为害损失很大。1975年以来,我们在四川平武地区进行了生活习性观察和防治试验,初步明确了以下几个问题。1.胡桃长足象一年一代。11月份以成虫越冬,次年4月上旬开始活动,为害果、芽、嫩枝、叶柄,5月上旬交尾产卵于果中,一般一果一粒,8月中旬产卵结束,10月陆续死亡。当年成虫6月中旬羽化,进行为害。2.成虫有假死性和向阳性,飞翔力弱,具有与核桃树芽苞相似的保护色。3.防治胡桃长足象,应抓住越冬成虫大量出现和卵孵化盛期时进行。用每毫升含孢量二至五亿的白僵菌液或50%的三硫磷乳油、50%速灭松乳剂、82%磷胺乳剂加水一千倍喷雾,效果良好。     

棉籽壳对黄萎病菌的抑菌作用和抑菌物质的分析

根据过去观察,棉籽壳有明显抑制黄萎病菌的作用。本试验初步证明这一抑菌物质具有丹宁类物质的某些特性。不同铃龄各部位的抑菌强度总趋势,与用高锰酸钾滴定法测得的丹宁类物质含量趋势一致,即不论大、中、小铃,感病及抗病品种,种壳的抑菌作用均大于胎座。初步认为种壳中较高浓度的丹宁类物质是种子内部带菌率极低的主要原因之一。纯丹宁在棉籽饼粉酒精洋莱培养基中的抑菌作用较供试的其它培养基小,说明此培养基用于种子带菌分离的优越性。棉花枯萎病菌对丹宁的耐受力显著高于黄萎病菌。     

Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets in the Province of Quebec.

During 1972 to 1974, 112 Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets were recieved from different parts of the Province of Quebec, Canada. Fifty-six strains elicited a positive gut loop response in three week old piglets and were then considered as Moon's class 1 enteropathogens, while four of the 56 remaining strains reacted only in ten day old piglets and were classified as class 2 enteropathogens. Forty-eight strains produced both a heat-labile and a heat-stable enterotoxin, while 12 isolates which included the four class 2 enteropathogens produced only a heat-stable enterotoxin. Fifty-one enterotoxigenic strains could be serogrouped using OK antisera against E. coli strains commonly associated with colibacillosis in piglets. The most common serogroups encountered were O157: K "V17"; 88a,c, O149:K91; 88a.c. O157:K"V1c, O149:K91; 88a.c, O157:K"V17"; 88 a,c or a,b and O45:K"E5"; 88a,c. No significant difference was observed in the fermentation patterns, antibiotic susceptibility, colicin production, production of a filterable hemolysin and transferable tetracycline resistance between the enterotoxigenic and the nonenterotoxigenic strains.     

Etiology of the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex in Nigerian dwarf goats.

The causative agent of stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex was isolated in domesticated goats and Vero cell culture. It was identified immunologically and morphologically as identical with the "Peste des Petits Ruminants" virus. There were cross reactions between stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex virus isolate and rinderpest virus by immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests but no cross neutralization. Goats recovered from stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex were protected against a challenge with rinderpest virus that was lethal to control goats. Ultrastructural morphology revealed intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions made up of random arrays of fibrillar strands. Pleomorphic particles budded from the plasma membrane of infected cells and enveloped virions were seen extracellularly. Specific ferritin tagging was demonstrated in the stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex virus infected cells treated with homologous and peste des petits ruminants viral antibody systems but little, if any, tagging in the heterologous rinderpest system.     

The Blood-Vessel System of the Equine Periodontal Ligament: a Mesoscopic Study on Corrosion Casts

Several investigators have suggested that the blood-vessel system in the equine periodontal ligament does not only serve nutritional needs, but also specific functional needs, e.g. in terms of a shock absorbing system. In order to supplement the previous data, corrosion casts of the periodontal blood vessels were studied with special attention to the spatial arrangement and connections of the vessels. The heads of eight warm-blooded horses (age 2.5–23 years, seven female, one male), which had been killed for medical reasons, were dissected. The arteria alveolaris inferior and the a. infraorbitalis were perfused with 100 ml Heparin (20 000 IU) followed by 100 ml tap water. After storage at 4°C for 24–96 h, 10–200 ml methacrylate resin (Biodur^TM E20) were injected by use of a cartridge pistol for approx. 1 h. After polymerization for 24 h at 60°C, the jaws were frozen and cut with a steel band saw in a horizontal, sagittal or transversal plane to obtain segments that exposed the periodontal space. The specimens were macerated in detergent at 60°C until the soft tissues had vanished. Care was taken to keep the periodontal vessels complete and in topographical integrity. The vascular casts were mesoscopically examined by use of a dissection microscope (magnification 5.8×–40×). The blood vessels in the periodontal space connected with vessels in three other sites:

• (1)

  occlusal – with the blood vessels of the gingiva;