Barium selenate: a long-acting selenium preparation for subcutaneous injection

Three flocks of sheep in typical selenium-deficient areas were injected with 2 ml Deposel® (100 mg selenium as barium selenate) in the autumn of 1982 and/or 1983. The selenium status in 10 ewes from each flock, and their offspring, was monitored by selenium analyses of blood samples. The injection induced an adequate increase in blood selenium within 8 weeks. Adequate selenium levels were maintained throughout the lambing season and the following summer. The selenium status in lambs from treated ewes was adequate until they were put out to pasture. Elevated selenium levels were maintained even throughout the next lambing season, and the second injection gave significantly higher blood selenium as compared to the first. The present preparation seems to be suitable and safe for protecting sheep against selenium deficiency. The dosage used seems sufficient to maintain an adequate selenium status for as long as 2 consecutive lambing seasons.     

Fractionation of Soluble Copper- and Zinc-Binding Proteins From Cattle Liver

The distribution of copper and zinc among soluble proteins in liver from normal slaughter cattle was examined after gel filtration of the proteins. Gopper- and zinc-binding proteins were mainly separated into three fractions. Varying amounts of zinc were eluted in a fourth fraction of molecular weight less than 2,000. A clear relationship was noted between the amount of copper bound to the low molecular weight fraction (m.w. ~ 10,000) and the total liver zinc concentration. The high molecular weight protein fraction (m.w. > 65,000) dominated in liver with zinc concentrations below 40 µg/g wet weight and total copper concentrations from 16 to 240 µg/g, while in liver with zinc concentrations above 40 µg/g and copper concentrations ranging from 20 to 107 µg/g, the low molecular weight metallothionein-like fraction dominated.     

Some Reproductive and Clinical Aspects of Endotoxins in Cows with Special Emphasis on The Role of Prostaglandins

Endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium was administered intravenously to 3 cows. It produced an immediate increase in blood prostaglandin metabolite levels causing either luteolysis or a temporary drop in progesterone concentrations depending on the degree of prostaglandin synthesis. The clinical effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminai contraction rate, body temperature and other general signs were studied. The cows showed a transient increase in heart and respiratory rate and a decrease in ruminai activity. The temperature responded by a small initial decrease and a secondary increase. Other symptoms included muscular weakness and shivering, excessive salivation and diarrhoea. Plasma Ca levels showed a direct decrease and then slowly increased to initial levels in the course of several days. The role of endotoxins in Gram-negative infections and their mode of action on the body are discussed with special emphasis on the role of prostaglandins on reproductive function.     

Changes in host chitinase isoforms in relation to wounding and colonization by Heterobasidion annosum: early and strong defense response in 33-year-old resistant Norway spruce clone

We studied the defense reactions of 33-year-old susceptible and resistant clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to the major root-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and determined if tissue cultures can be used as a model system for studying defense responses of mature trees at the molecular level. Quantitative PCR analysis of genomic DNA obtained from samples taken at different times along the lesion length in living bark indicated that the fungus was present in higher amounts and extended further into the host tissue in the susceptible clone than in the resistant clone. In protein extracts from the same lesion samples, there were differences in temporal and spatial changes in host chitinase isoform profiles between the resistant and susceptible clones. Host chitinase isoforms with pI values approximately 4.8, 4.4 and 3.7 increased more during the first 7 days after wounding and inoculation and extended further along the lesion length in the resistant clone than in the susceptible clone. These results suggest that the time from wounding and infection to induction of defense-related expression is shorter in the resistant clone indicating a more efficient host defense response than in the susceptible clone. Tissue cultures from the same clones were not resistant to H. annosum and showed no difference in the timing of the increase in chitinase isoforms in response to the pathogen. However, tissue cultures from both clones showed an increase in chitinase isoforms within 6 to 24 h past inoculation, indicating that increased chitinase expression in response to the pathogen is part of a general defense response common to both mature clones and tissue cultures.     

A Method for the Determination of Alkaloids in Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) using HPLC and Solid Phase Extraction

Abstract

A method for the determination of hordenine, gramine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and N-methyltryptamine in reed canarygrass is described. The material is chopped into pieces, 0.5–1 cm, and extracted overnight in 20% ethanol and 1% acetic acid. The extract is purified by solid phase extraction using a strong cation exchange column. Interferences are removed by selective elution with water and methanol. The alkaloids are eluted with 1 M potassium acetate in methanol and the analysis is carried out by HPLC and UV detection. The column used was Kromasil C₁₈ and the eluent comprised 30% methanol, 1 mM N,N-dimethyloctylamine, 10 mM sodium heptansulfonic acid and 25 mM citrate buffer, pH 3.1. The influence of eluent composition, together with extraction and purification parameters, was investigated. The alkaloids recovered by the extraction and determination methods ranged from 74 to 85% and the alkaloid concentration determined in the variety Palaton was in good agreement with earlier reports.