Design and Implementation of the ZH/EN Bilingual Retrieval System Based on the CAT/AGROVOC Mapping

For the users' convenience of accessing the AGRIS resources quickly and using them fully,the paper decomposes the structure of AGRIS Search net,analyzes the users' requirement met for conducting a bili...     

Severe Streptococcus infection in spotted hyenas in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

In a population of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) monitored between 1996 and 2005 in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, 16 individuals from five of eight social groups displayed clinical signs of an infection, including severe unilateral swelling of the head followed by abscess formation at the mandibular angle, respiratory distress, mild ataxia, and lethargy. Two (12.5%) of these 16 individuals died within days of developing signs. Clinical signs in hyenas were first noted in 2001, and most cases occurred between September 2002 and February 2003, suggesting an outbreak of infection during this period. Histopathological examination of internal organs from one hyena that died with signs revealed morphological changes consistent with severe bacterial infection. Phenotypic examination and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the causative agent of infection revealed a Lancefield group C Streptococcus with a high level of homology to S. equi subsp. ruminatorum, a subspecies of S. equi recently described in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) with mastitis in Spain. Strains similar to this bacterium were also isolated from two hyenas without obvious clinical signs, suggesting that hyenas may be 'carriers' of this bacterium, and from a sympatric Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli), a herbivore species often consumed by hyenas. To our knowledge this is the first report of a Streptococcus infection in these two wildlife species. The high genetic similarity between the hyena and zebra isolates indicates that inter-specific transmission may occur, possibly when hyenas consume infected zebra carcasses.     

满足全球需要的水土保持技术与方法综述

在全球水土保持方法与技术综述 (ＷＯＣＡＴ)计划中 ,为充分利用已有的水土保持知识 ,特将各地优秀的水土管理知识记录下来并用于交流。为了共享这些知识 ,必须有共同的工具和共同的语言。此前 ,没有全球统一的水土保持技术和方法术语 ,即没有全球认可的系统分类学和术语学 ,相     

Management of a previously eroded tropical Alfisol with herbaceous legumes: Soil loss and physical properties under mound tillage

A study was carried out on a previously eroded Oxic Paleustalf in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria to determine the extent of soil degradation under mound tillage with some herbaceous legumes and residue management methods. A series of factorial experiments was carried out on 12 existing runoff plots. The study commenced in 1996 after a 5-year natural fallow. Mound tillage was introduced in 1997 till 1999. The legumes – Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Pueraria phaseoloides – were intercropped with maize in 1996 and 1998 while yam was planted alone in 1997 and 1999. This paper covers 1997–1999. At the end of each year, residues were either burned or mulched on respective plots. Soil loss, runoff, variations in mound height, bulk density, soil water retention and sorptivity were measured. Cumulative runoff was similar among interactions of legume and residue management in 1997 (57–151 mm) and 1999 (206–397 mm). However, in 1998, cumulative runoff of 95 mm observed for Mucuna-burned residue was significantly greater than the 46 mm observed for cowpea-burned residue and the 39–51 mm observed for mulched residues of cowpea, Mucuna and Pueraria. Cumulative soil loss of 7.6 Mg ha⁻¹ observed for Mucuna-burned residue in 1997 was significantly greater than those for Pueraria-mulched (0.9 Mg ha⁻¹) and Mucuna-mulched (1.4 Mg ha⁻¹) residues whereas in 1999 it was similar to soil loss from cowpea treatments and Pueraria-burned residue (2.3–5.3 Mg ha⁻¹). There were no significant differences in soil loss in 1998 (1–3.2 Mg ha⁻¹) whereas Mucuna-burned residue had a greater soil loss (28.6 Mg ha⁻¹) than mulched cowpea (6.9 Mg ha⁻¹) and Pueraria (5.4 Mg ha⁻¹). Mound heights (23 cm average) decreased non-linearly with cumulative rainfall. A cumulative rainfall of 500 mm removed 0.3–2.3 cm of soil from mounds in 1997, 3.5–6.9 cm in 1998 and 2.3–4.6 cm in 1999, indicating that (detached but less transported) soil from mounds was far higher than observed soil loss in each year. Soil water retention was improved at potentials ranging from −1 to −1500 kPa by Mucuna-mulched residue compared to the various burned-residue treatments. Also, mound sorptivity at −1 cm water head (14.3 cm h^−1/2) was higher than furrow sorptivity (8.5 cm h^−1/2), indicating differences in hydraulic characteristics between mound and furrow. Pueraria-mulched residues for mounds had the highest sorptivity of 17.24 cm h^−1/2, whereas the least value of 6.96 cm h^−1/2 was observed in furrow of Mucuna-burned residue. Pueraria phas eoloides was considered the best option for soil conservation on the previously eroded soil, cultivated with mound tillage.     

Evaluation of oral fluids for surveillance of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens in pig farms

The use of oral fluid (OF) to detect zoonotic pathogens in pigs has been only scarcely assessed. We evaluated OF as a potential specimen for detection by culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Yersinia enterocolitica, and the detection of antibodies against Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus (HEV) using commercial ELISAs. Samples from 33 pig farms were collected at the beginning and end of the fattening period. Results of the OF samples were compared with the results of serum samples and nasal swabs from individual pigs and pen floor fecal samples, using the Cohen kappa (κ) and the McNemar test. For Salmonella spp. antibodies, OF samples were negative, although the corresponding serum samples were positive. The detection of HEV antibodies in sera and OF had agreement at the first sampling, and poor and significant agreement at the second sampling (κ = 0.185, McNemar p = 0.238; κ = 0.088, McNemar p < 0.001). At both sampling times, the detection of MRSA in nasal swabs and OF showed agreement (κ = 0.466, McNemar p = 0.077; κ = 0.603, McNemar p = 1); agreement was seen for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in fecal and OF samples (κ = 0.012, McNemar p = 0.868; κ = 0.082, McNemar p = 0.061, respectively). According to the McNemar test, the use of pen-based OFs is more feasible for the detection of MRSA and Y. enterocolitica by culture than is detection of antibodies by commercial ELISA.     

Characterization of volatile compounds in chilled cod (Gadus morhua) fillets by gas chromatography and detection of quality indicators by an electronic nose

Volatile compounds in cod fillets packed in Styrofoam boxes were analyzed during chilled storage (0.5 degrees C) by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry to screen potential quality indicators present in concentrations high enough for detection by an electronic nose. Photobacterium phosphoreum dominated the spoilage bacteria on day 12 when the fillets were rejected by sensory analysis. Ketones, mainly 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, were detected in the highest level (33%) at sensory rejection, followed by amines (TMA) (29%), alcohols (15%), acids (4%), aldehydes (3%), and a low level of esters (<1%). The electronic nose's CO sensor showed an increasing response with storage time coinciding with the production of ethanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol that were produced early in the storage, followed by the production of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-butanal, 2,3-butandiol, and ethyl acetate. Lipid-derived aldehydes, like hexanal and decanal, were detected in similar levels throughout the storage time and contributed to the overall sweet odors of cod fillets in combination with other carbonyls (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetaldehyde, 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one).     

Flavor characterization of ripened cod roe by gas chromatography, sensory analysis, and electronic nose

Characterization of the flavors of ripened roe products is of importance to establish a basis for a standardized product. Flavor profiles of commercially processed ripened roe from Iceland and Norway were studied by sensory analysis, gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and an electronic nose to characterize the headspace of ripened roe. Sensory analysis showed that ripened roe odor and flavor in combination with caviar flavor and whey/caramel-like odor give the overall positive effect of the complex characteristic roe flavor. Analysis of volatiles by GC-MS and electronic nose confirmed the presence of aroma compounds contributing to the typical ripening and spoilage flavors detected by the sensory analysis. Methional, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2,6-nonadienal were the most important compounds contributing to ripened roe odor. Spoilage flavors were partly contributed by 3-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methylbutanal, which can be measured by the electronic nose and are suggested as quality indicators for objectively assessing the ripening of roe. Principal component analysis of the overall data showed that GC-O correlated well with sensory evaluation and the electronic nose measurements.     

Beobachtungen über Nebenfänge von Pheromonfallen im Obstbau

Sticky traps baited with the synthetic sex pheromones ofLaspeyresia pomonella L.,Adoxophyes reticulana Hb.,Grapholitha funebrana Tr., andHedya nubiferana Haworth were operated in extensively cultivated orchards in the vicinity of Giessen, W.-Germany, in 1984. In addition to large numbers of the target species, males of other tortricids were captured. These species, belonging toCnephasia, Pammene, Laspeyresia andEpiblema, were attracted by the pheromone baits. Other non-target insects like honey bees and hover flies were captured most probably due to the white colour of the traps.     

Quality assessment and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from tea samples of different origins by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS

Components of green tea ( Camellia sinensis) have been of considerable interest in recent years because of their potential utility as pharmaceutical agents, particularly for their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. Responding to the increasing scientific validation of numerous health benefits of tea, a comprehensive approach was adopted to carry out analysis for the quality assessment of flavonoids in tea samples of different origins. For this purpose, extraction, separation, and mass spectrometric parameters were optimized. Extraction methods evaluated include reflux extraction, a modified accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), namely, Aquasolv extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using different percentages of solvents. Separation was performed by a specifically developed reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method using different C18 and C8 stationary phases. Optimization of extraction techniques clearly proved the performance of MAE, which delivered highest yields in a very short time. Additionally, the comparison with Aquasolv extraction provided new insights, as variations in quantified amounts of target compounds between the extracts could be explained on the basis of thermal degradation and epimerization phenomena. Especially the epimerization phenomenon for catechin/epicatechin oligomers, that is, of procyanidins P 2 and P 3, was observed for the first time. Finally, an optimized extraction and separation system was used for qualitative and quantitative investigations of compounds from different green tea samples from Ceylon (cultivated under biologically controlled conditions), Japan, India, and China as well as from one black tea sample from India.