Differences in bark beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips typographus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pityogenes chalcographus)</Emphasis> abundance in a strict spruce reserve and the surrounding spruce forests of Serbia

Frequent windthrow in the strict reserves of spruce in the Kopaonik National Park provides much material favorable for the development of Ips typographus (L.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Therefore it was assumed that the abundance of these bark beetles in the reserves was high and that they dispersed to the surrounding spruce forests. To verify this opinion, their population levels were monitored in the strict reserve Jankove Bare and the adjoining spruce forests over the period 2006–2008. I. typographus parasitoids were identified and the parasitism percent was determined in spruce forests around the reserves. Throughout the monitoring period, the abundance of I. typographus and P. chalcographus was found to be lower in the reserve than in the surrounding spruce forests. Five species of I. typographus parasitoids and a low parasitization percent were identified in spruce forests surrounding the reserve.     

Polymorphism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Got2</Emphasis> DNA sequences sheds light on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> Coss. intraspecies divergence and origin of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.

DNA sequences of nuclear gene Got2 was studied in 60 accessions of Aegilops tauschii, 29 of subsp. tauschii and 31 of subsp. strangulata. It was found that Got2 allozyme polymorphism in Ae. tauschii is due to a single, unique, mutation which led to replacement of glutamic acid by isoleucine in residue 256 of the enzyme molecule, encoded by Got2. As revealed by Got2 DNA sequences variation, initially in its history Ae. tauschii was presented by subsp. strangulata, and among phylogenetic lineages of subsp. strangulata, the lineage “t-9¹s” (TauL3) is the most ancient, a relict one. Subspecies tauschii is relatively “young”. Initially it was presented by the lineage marked by combination of allozyme alleles Got2 ¹⁰⁵ and Acph1 ¹⁰⁰. In the past it inhabited the Continental area from Caucasia to Pakistan, but later on it was forced out by newly originated, now—a major lineage of subsp. tauschii, marked by Got2 ¹⁰⁰. This lineage extended the Continental area of the species up to Kirgizstan, but actually failed to penetrate into pre-Caspian area, occupied by subsp. strangulata. These results essentially differ from those obtained previously, using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences polymorphism. As revealed by cpDNA, the major, “usual”, subsp. strangulata (TauL2) is “younger” than subsp. tauschii, which resided on phylogenetic tree between relict lineage “t-9¹s”of subsp. strangulata—and major subsp. strangulata. But both cpDNA and Got2 DNA sequences indicate that the level of genetic variation in subsp. tauschii is much lower than in subsp. strangulata. According to Got2 DNA sequences variation, it was Ae. tauschii subsp. strangulata lineage “k-109″ which donated genome D to Triticum aestivum L. This lineage includes accessions: k-109 from South-Eastern Precaspian Azerbaijan; KU-2105, KU-2159 from Western Precaspian Iran; KU-2080 from Eastern Precaspian Iran.     

脂质体法构建广西巴马小型猪转基因体细胞及转基因克隆胚的生产

脂质体法是一种传统的向哺乳动物细胞导入外源基因的方法,然而其转染效率受多种因素影响。本研究将从脂质体和质粒DNA量、转染暴露时间以及混合孵育时间等四方面进行探索,以寻找最佳的转染体系。试验结果表明最佳转染体系为：脂质体1.25μL、DNA 0.7μg、脂质体-DNA混合孵育0 min以及转染暴露6 h。随后我们用优化过的转染体系对新生广西巴马小型猪肾脏成纤维细胞进行转绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）操作,获得了（26.45±2.11）%的转染率,并以此为核供体经体细胞核移植技术成功构建表达GFP的广西巴马小型猪克隆胚胎,同时证实转基因克隆胚的体外发育能力比得上非转基因克隆胚。这为我们构建用于人类疾病研究的基因修饰广西巴马小型猪奠定了基础。     

辽宁省引种班克松的种源选择

对从北美引进的9个种源班克松所做的17a的试验结果表明:班克松是适合辽宁地区的一个优良速生树种,在各个生长时期的生长表现都要好于乡土速生针叶树种———樟子松。班克松不同种源之间的生长状况存在着较大差异,班克松各种源树高、胸径、材积生长在2年生苗期、造林后5年生、8年生、15年生时差异都达到极显著水平。2、8号种源班克松15年生时的生长表现最佳,它们的树高分别比9个种源平均高大4.8%、4.8%,胸径分别比9个种源平均胸径大8.2%、4.9%,材积分别比9个种源平均材积大21.1%、13.5%;而3、5号种源班克松15年生时的生长表现最差。班克松的树高、胸径、材积生长状况与纬度因子呈显著负相关,来自北美北纬46°附近的班克松种源是最适合辽宁地区引种的优良种源,而远离北纬46°及越向高纬度地区的班克松种源在该区表现较差。建议辽宁地区引进北美北纬46°附近的班克松种源,并建立起优良的班克松种子园。     

Enzymatic treatment on cotton fibers: degradation kinetics of pectin and influence of shape change on adsorption

Alkaline pectinase was one of the most effective enzymes to treat cotton as alternative agent to replace the conventional alkaline method. Removal of pectin and cutin was considered the explanation for improvement of wettability as well as water adsorption on cotton fiber. However, degradation kinetics of pectin is unclear, and the influence of fiber shape on property changes after enzymatic treatment was ignored. The main objective of this work was to reveal interactions between pectinase and cotton fiber for mechanism study. A heterogeneous catalysis kinetic equation, which is associated with Langmuir adsorption model and enzyme deactivation, was used to describe the heterogeneous catalysis. The enzymatic process conditions were optimized. Raw cotton fibers, pectinase-treated and alkali-treated fibers were characterized by impurities content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanism of water adsorption enhancement on treated fibers was discussed. In addition to elimination of the outer impurities, flat fibers with less twist and shape changes of lumen were also obtained to ensure better accessibility and water adsorption after enzymatic treatment.     

三个典型植烟生态区土壤养分适宜性评价

通过明确不同烤烟种植区土壤肥力状况及植烟适宜性,为不同生态区烟草科学施肥方案的制定奠定基础。采用描述统计法、相关系数法和模糊综合评价法对四川会东、河南洛阳和安徽皖南3个植烟生态区的418份土壤样品进行分析。结果表明,会东烟区土壤pH为5.36～8.66,77.88%的土壤pH大于7.50,有机质含量较低,67%的土壤碱解氮含量低于90mg/kg,全氮含量适中,速效磷和速效钾含量丰富;洛阳烟区土壤pH呈弱碱性,有机质和碱解氮含量匮乏,70%以上的土壤有机质和碱解氮处于“缺”及以下水平,全氮和速效磷含量适中,速效磷含量变异系数达79.38%,速效钾含量丰富;皖南烟区土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量适中,碱解氮含量较高,速效钾含量缺乏,82.82%的土壤速效钾含量低于150mg/kg,速效磷含量丰富但异质性强。3个生态区植烟土壤综合肥力指数（IFI）存在显著差异（P<0.05）,表现为皖南（0.69）>会东（0.52）>洛阳（0.43）,其中皖南烟区75.76%的土壤IFI处于Ⅱ级以上,会东烟区处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级的比例分别为31.73%和46.15%,而洛阳烟区近50%的土壤为Ⅳ级。...     

广东鸡蛋果真菌病害调查初报

1989～1990年,对广州、惠州二市的鸡蛋果(Passiflora (?)is Sims)病害进行了调查,共鉴定10种病原真菌,包括2个新种:Phomopsis passiflorae J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi,引起果腐,及My-cosp(?)hella Passiflorae J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi,引起叶斑;1个新组合:sphoeropsis Passifloricola(Grove)J.F.Lu et P.K.Chi亦引起叶斑;2个国内新纪录:A(?)(?)(?)及Phommopsisterso(Sacc.)Sutton.但生产上为害最严重的是:Nectria haematocooca Berk.et Br.引起的茎基腐病及Ph(?) (?) VAr.p(?) (Dast.)Watern.引起的疫病,它们与病毒引起的花叶病是鸡蛋果生产中的三大病害。 新种及新组合的标本存华南农业大学植保系标本室。     

低温处理对紫色小白菜品质及光合特性的影响

以‘紫薇’不结球紫色小白菜作为试验材料,研究不同低温处理对紫色小白菜营养品质及光合作用的影响。结果表明:(1)紫色小白菜花青苷的含量变化表现为随低温处理程度的加重先升高后下降。(2)随着低温处理程度的加重,紫色小白菜的类黄酮含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、维生素C含量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)、类胡萝卜素含量均呈现先缓慢上升后急剧下降的变化规律。(3)随着低温处理程度的加重,叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(ψPO)、光合性能指数(PIABS)均呈现出显著下降的趋势。(4)光合性能指数PIABS随着低温处理的加重而呈现先缓慢上升后急剧下降的趋势。以有活性的反应中心(RC)为基础的叶绿素荧光参数表明,紫色小白菜叶片单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、单位反应中心捕获的光能(TRO/RC)、单位反应中心传递的能量(ETO/RC)和单位反应中心热耗散的能量(DIO/RC)均随着处理温度的降低而呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。以单位受光面积(CS)为基础的叶绿素荧光参数表明,低温处理后,单位面积捕获的光能(TRO/CS)、单位面积的热耗散(DIO/CS)均随处理温度的降低而呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而单位面积电子传递的量子产额(ETO/CS)和叶片单位面积上有活性的反应中心数量(RC/CSO)则呈现出先上升后降低的变化规律。紫色小白菜叶片中PSⅡ最大光化学效率(ψPO)、将电子传递到电子传递链中QA-下游的其他电子受体的概率(ΨO)、反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递的量子产额(ψEO)随着处理温度的降低而呈现先缓慢上升后急剧下降的趋势,而表示叶片的相对可变荧光(VJ)、K相可变荧光占J相可变荧光比例(WK)以及QA被还原的最大速率(MO)均随着处理温度的降低而先下降后逐渐上升,说明过度的低温环境使QA下游电子受体接受电子能力明显下降,电子传递受到抑制,从而造成QA-或QA2-的大量积累,致使PSⅡ反应中心的活性状态受到破坏。综上分析表明,TⅡ处理最有利于提高紫色小白菜光能利用率,增加光合色素含量,促进了部分营养品质的改善,可为紫色小白菜耐低温生产的推广运用提供理论基础。     

Determining the bioavailability of contaminants and assessing the quality of sediments

Background, Aims and Scope  

Our study determined if and when an avoidance or attraction behavioural response would be displayed by Ilyanassa obsoleta when presented with a choice between harbour and reference sediments. Our goal was to develop a non-lethal approach that could be used in future assessments of the environmental quality of field sediments.     

泵自吸过程气液两相流的可视化试验

自吸泵的自吸过程属于复杂的气液两相流动过程。通过建立泵自吸性能外特性及自吸过程气液两相流动特性协同测试系统,采用NI虚拟仪器Lab VIEW编程平台,实现了对泵自吸过程中的进出口压力、流量、转速的瞬态测试;同时采用高速摄影观测系统对自吸泵叶轮、蜗壳及气液分离室内部的气液两相流动过程进行了可视化观测。结果表明:在流量未上升之前,自吸离心泵的自吸过程一直处于动态的稳定过程。气液分离室进口出现的稳定气液分离面有利于气液分离,有助于气泡的排出。而扩散段出口出现的停滞回旋气泡不利于气泡的及时排出,对自吸性能有不良的影响。在自吸末期,流量、压力均有突变的过程,且气液分离室内小水珠、扩散管处气泡数目急剧增多,随后又急剧下降,体现了明显的瞬态效应。