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831.
S. A. Palacios G. Giaj Merlera J. Erazo M. M. Reynoso M. C. Farnochi A. M. Torres 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,149(4):969-981
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important fungal diseases affecting wheat worldwide and it is caused mainly by species within the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). This study evaluated the presence of FGSC in durum wheat from the main growing area in Argentina and analyzed the trichothecene genotype and chemotype of the strains isolated. Also, the genetic variability of the strains was assayed using ISSR markers. Molecular analysis revealed that among the strains isolated and identified morphologically as F. graminearum, there were 14 strains identified as F. cerealis. Also, it revealed that durum wheat grains were mostly contaminated by F. graminearum, being this the only species reported so far, within the FGSC, affecting durum wheat in Argentina. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a high genetic variability within rather than between F. graminearum populations. All F. graminearum strains presented 15ADON genotype and were able to produce DON while all F. cerealis strains presented the NIV genotype and most of them were able to produce this toxin. The finding of F. cerealis in durum wheat grains indicates the need for investigating if this fungus is the responsible for the NIV contamination found in wheat in Argentina. 相似文献
832.
Gerbert Sylvestre Dossa Rolando Torres Amelia Henry Ricardo Oliva Edgar Maiss Casiana Vera Cruz Kerstin Wydra 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(1):115-127
Plant response to one type of stress can be affected by simultaneous exposure to a second stress, for example when abiotic and biotic stresses occur together. Ten rice genotypes comprising those with bacterial blight (BB) resistance (R) genes, drought quantitative trait loci (QTLs) plus a BB R gene, and BB susceptible genotypes, were subjected to mild and moderate drought stress and plants were inoculated with two Xoo strains (PXO99 and PXO145) to simulate the challenges rice crops face under simultaneous stress of drought and BB. Plant height and dry shoot biomass were significantly reduced by drought stress treatments. The BB disease lesion lengths varied according to rice genotypes and PXO99 Xoo multiplication and spread in planta was higher compared to that of PXO145, which generally decreased under mild drought stress. Rice genotype IRBB7 (Xa7) showed less Xoo spread and a reduced Xoo multiplication under drought stress compared to the well-watered control with PXO145. In contrast, in genotypes with a different BB R gene and/or drought QTLs [IRBB4 (Xa4), IR87705–6-9-B (Xa4 + qDYT 2.2 ), IR87707–445-B-B-B (Xa4 + qDYT 2.2 + qDYT 4.1 ) and IR87707–446-B-B-B (Xa4 + qDYT 2.2 + qDYT 4.1 )], Xoo multiplication and spread in planta was higher with drought stress. This study has shown that drought stress affected rice response to the BB pathogen and the response varied according to the rice genotype. It is concluded that evaluating rice varieties under combined abiotic and biotic stresses will be the best strategy to determine biotic stress resistance durability under climate change. 相似文献
833.
834.
Eduardo Moreira Barros Christian Sherley Araújo da Silva-Torres Jorge Braz Torres Guilherme Gomes Rolim 《Phytoparasitica》2018,46(3):391-404
The cotton ecosystem comprises various arthropod pest and natural enemies with simultaneous occurrence irrespective of growing region. The use of insecticides with reduced impact on natural enemies is a major goal to conserve them and, therefore, to reduce populations of arthropod pests. The survival of twelve key natural enemies for cotton pest management exposed to dried residues using the highest and lowest recommended rates representing old and new insecticides recommended to control cotton pests (chlorantraniliprole, chlofernapyr, spinosad, lambda-cyhalotrin, methidathion, pymetrozine, and thiamethoxam) was determined. The study included parasitoids [Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake, Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Telenomus podisi (Ashmead), Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley)] and predators [Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas), Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas), Solenopsis invicta Buren), Orius insidiosus (Say), Chrysoperla externa Hagen and Eriopis connexa (Germar)], with two different cohorts for these last two species. All natural enemies exposed to methidathion exhibited 100% mortality. Thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorfenapyr also caused high mortality of P. nigrispinus, S. invicta, H. convergens, O. insidiosus and all tested parasitoids. Among the natural enemies, E. annulipes exhibited high survival when exposed to all tested insecticides, except methidathion. Chlorantraniliprole and pymetrozine caused overall lower impact on the natural enemies tested followed by spinosad; hence, they are options for cotton pest management. Furthermore, the outcomes highlight the implication of knowing the background susceptibility of the species tested when addressing the impact of insecticides on natural enemies. 相似文献
835.
The false carmine cochineal outbreak in the semiarid region of Brazil has caused considerable damage to the cactus production for the last 16 years. Native of Mexico, the false carmine cochineal, Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell), has invaded other countries including recent citations in Morocco and Israel. In some countries, intentional introduction of the false carmine cochineal has been done for biological control of noxious cactus weeds; while, in Brazil, its introduction was apparently for carmine dye production. However, there was a rapid distribution through the semiarid region causing a huge problem for cactus pear production as fodder. The pest problem in Brazil has motivated studies on control alternatives. Farmers have the option to manage this pest with host-plant-resistance or alternative and synthetic insecticides. In addition, knowledge on indigenous predatory insect species with the potential to help suppressing the pest population have been generated, especially the lady beetles Zagreus bimaculosus (Mulsant), Prodiloides bipunctata Weise. Farmers should also be aware of the risks involved in transporting contaminated vegetative material and animals into pest free areas. All these practices can be fully achieved once growers start changing their current practice of cactus growing. It is particularly important for growers to conduct regular inspections in the fields to detect early infestation of the pest. Dealing with small and spatially localized infestations have been proved easier than work on highly infested areas. Cactus can still be a profitable activity if these recommendations are taken seriously. 相似文献
836.
Damasceno de Oliveira Laira L. Nunes Bruno Antunes Sara Cristina Campitelli-Ramos Raphael Rocha Odete 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2018,229(4):1-28
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms, and plays a major role in many physiological processes. However, in recent years, excessive... 相似文献
837.
838.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of common bean plants to phosphorus (P) applied to the leaves at different growth stages, as a complement to phosphate fertilization at sowing. The experiment followed the 2 × 7-factor randomized block design (RBD) with four replicates. The first factor was fertilization with P at the base with 60 and 120 kg ha?1 of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). The second factor was the times and doses of P applied to the leaves: 0.5 or 1 kg ha?1 of P2O5, at the V3 phenological stage; parceled in the following manner: 20% in V3, another 40% in R5 and 40% in R6, or 50% in R5 and 50% in R6; and one treatment with no P2O5 application to the leaves. P-based foliar fertilization increased P content in the grains of plants grown in soils with greater P availability. The lower common bean biomass production under scarce P availability was minimized by the foliar fertilization, as well as its productivity when 1 kg ha?1 of P2O5 was applied to the leaves, 50% in the R5 phenological stage and 50% in R6. The highest productivity was obtained with the application of 0.5 kg ha?1 of P2O5 to the leaves in the V3 phenological stage with the 120 kg ha?1 dose at the base. 相似文献
839.
Novel personal care products are necessary to cope with the growing market demand for sustainable green products. In this context, this work deals with the formulation and fundamental physicochemical and rheological characterization of different natural personal care products using bioactive fractions from Chondrus crispus red macroalgae extracted under optimized green conditions. Body milks, body oils and shampoos were supplemented with soluble extracts with antioxidant features recovered after hydrothermal (200 °C) and microwave (170 °C)- and ultrasound (80 °C)-assisted extraction of the red macroalgae used as raw material. Formulated products were also compared with those prepared using (±)-α-tocopherol and butylhydroxytoluene standards. Body scrubs were formulated with the remaining solids (<2.25%) after microwave hydrodiffusion and gravidity treatment of the macroalgae. Results indicated that selected extracts provided personal care products with similar or even better physicochemical, color and viscous features than those supplemented with (±)-α-tocopherol or butylhydroxytoluene commercial antioxidants. Rheological profiles indicated that it is possible to develop personal care products with adequate viscous behavior (102–105 mPa s, at 1 s−1), comparable with their synthetic counterparts. To conclude, the addition of antioxidant extracts led to lower apparent viscosity values suggesting an advantage from the skin applicability point of view, jointly with the absence of both the hysteresis phenomenon and water syneresis of the proposed formulations. 相似文献