全文获取类型
收费全文 | 16558篇 |
免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
林业 | 3634篇 |
农学 | 1297篇 |
基础科学 | 138篇 |
2787篇 | |
综合类 | 727篇 |
农作物 | 2104篇 |
水产渔业 | 1796篇 |
畜牧兽医 | 1089篇 |
园艺 | 1114篇 |
植物保护 | 1877篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 2746篇 |
2017年 | 2704篇 |
2016年 | 1183篇 |
2015年 | 65篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 13篇 |
2012年 | 793篇 |
2011年 | 2132篇 |
2010年 | 2106篇 |
2009年 | 1259篇 |
2008年 | 1318篇 |
2007年 | 1582篇 |
2006年 | 38篇 |
2005年 | 105篇 |
2004年 | 118篇 |
2003年 | 162篇 |
2002年 | 61篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1960年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1958年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
1940年 | 1篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
1936年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
971.
Zhijie Chen Heikki Setälä Shicong Geng Shijie Han Shuqi Wang Guanhua Dai Junhui Zhang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(1):23-34
Purpose
Anthropogenic-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rates derived from the soil are influenced by long-term nitrogen (N) deposition and N fertilization. However, our understanding of the interplay between increased N load and GHG emissions among soil aggregates is incomplete.Materials and methods
Here, we conducted an incubation experiment to explore the effects of soil aggregate size and N addition on GHG emissions. The soil aggregate samples (0–10 cm) were collected from two 6-year N addition experiment sites with different vegetation types (mixed Korean pine forest vs. broad-leaved forest) in Northeast China. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) production were quantified from the soil samples in the laboratory using gas chromatography with 24-h intervals during the incubation (at 20 °C for 168 h with 80 % field water capacity).Results and discussion
The results showed that the GHG emission/uptake rates were significantly higher in the micro-aggregates than in the macro-aggregates due to the higher concentration of soil bio-chemical properties (DOC, MBC, NO3 ?, NH4 +, SOC and TN) in smaller aggregates. For the N addition treatments, the emission/uptake rates of GHG decreased after N addition across aggregate sizes especially in mixed Korean pine forest where CO2 emission was decreased about 30 %. Similar patterns in GHG emission/uptake rates expressed by per soil organic matter basis were observed in response to N addition treatments, indicating that N addition might decrease the decomposability of SOM in mixed Korean pine forest. The global warming potential (GWP) which was mainly contributed by CO2 emission (>98 %) decreased in mixed Korean pine forest after N addition but no changes in broad-leaved forest.Conclusions
These findings suggest that soil aggregate size is an important factor controlling GHG emissions through mediating the content of substrate resources in temperate forest ecosystems. The inhibitory effect of N addition on the GHG emission/uptake rates depends on the forest type.972.
Purpose
Plant residues are one of the main sources of soil organic matter in paddy fields, and elucidation of the bacterial communities decomposing plant residues was important to understand their function and roles, as the microbial decomposition of plant residues is linked to soil fertility. We conducted a DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) experiment to elucidate the bacterial community assimilating 13-carbon (13C) derived from plant residue under an anoxic soil condition. In addition, we compared the bacterial community with that under the oxic soil condition, which was elucidated in our previous study (Lee et al. in Soil Biol Biochem 43:814–822, 2011).Materials and methods
We used the 13C-labeled dried rice callus cells as a model of rice plant residue. A paddy field soil was incubated with unlabeled and 13C-labeled callus cells. DNA extracted from the soils was subjected to buoyant density gradient centrifugation to fractionate 13C-enriched DNA. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA band patterns and band sequencing method were used to evaluate bacterial community.Results and discussion
DGGE analysis showed that the band patterns in the 13C-enriched fractions were distinctly changed over time, while the changes in the community structure before fractionation were minor. Sequencing of the 13C-labeled DGGE bands revealed that Clostridia were a major group in the bacterial communities incorporating the callus-derived carbon although Gram-negative bacteria, and Actinobacteria also participated in the carbon flow from the callus under the anoxic condition. The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria and Actinobacteria increased on 14 days after the onset of incubation, suggesting that the callus was decomposed by diverse bacterial members on this phase. When the bacterial groups incorporating the 13C were compared between under anoxic and oxic soil conditions, the composition was largely different under the two opposite conditions. However, some members of Gram-negative bacteria were commonly found under the anoxic and oxic soil conditions.Conclusions
The majority of bacterial members assimilating the callus carbon was Clostridia in the soil under anoxic conditions. However, several Gram-negative bacterial members, such as Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, also participated in the decomposition of callus under anoxic soil conditions. Our study showed that carbon flow into the diverse bacterial members during the callus decomposition and the distinctiveness of the bacterial communities was formed under the anoxic and oxic soil conditions.973.
Circulating oxidative stress status in dromedary camels infested with sarcoptic mange 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between radical-generating and radical-scavenging activity, resulting in oxidation products
and tissue damage. This study was aimed to evaluate the status of oxidative stress indices in blood of camels naturally infested
with S. scabiei. Forty-seven male camels (Camelus dromedaries) were divided according to the extent of the infested area with Sarcoptes scabiei into four groups, mild (MID, n = 12), moderate (MOD, n = 10), severely infested (SEV, n = 10) and healthy control group (n = 15). Blood was used for determination of red cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), serum nitric
oxide (NO•, a free radical), ascorbate and albumin concentrations, and erythrocytic values of malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid
peroxidation), protein carbonyls (PC, an indicator of protein oxidation), glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
catalase (CAT). Decreased levels (P < 0.05) of RBC, Hb, PCV, albumin and ascorbate were noticed in MOD and SEV compared to controls with the lowest values (P < 0.05) in SEV except for ascorbate, where MOD did not differ from SEV. Compared to controls, NO• gradually increased (P < 0.05) in MID followed by MOD and SEV, whereas MDA and PC were higher (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV. PC was higher (P < 0.05) in MOD than SEV. In addition, the antioxidants GSH, SOD and CAT were higher (P < 0.05) in MID and lower (P < 0.05) in MOD and SEV compared to controls. GSH was lower (P < 0.05) in SEV compared to MOD. Besides, Hb was negatively correlated with NO• (r = −0.68, P < 0.001), MDA (r = −0.53, P < 0.001) and PC (r = −0.73, P < 0.001). In conclusion, dromedary sarcoptosis is accompanied by a state of oxidative stress process, which increased by
increasing the area of infestation, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. 相似文献
974.
Vittorio Rossi Elisabetta Pattori Riccardo Bugiani 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(2):147-159
The dynamics of the production of Stemphylium vesicarium conidia and Pleospora allii ascospores from different inoculum sources on the ground were compared in a model system of a wildflower meadow mainly composed
of yellow foxtail, creeping cinquefoil and white clover. The meadow was either inoculated (each October) or not inoculated
with a virulent strain of S. vesicarium, and either covered or not covered with a litter of inoculated pear leaves. Spore traps positioned a few centimetres above
the ground were exposed for 170 7-day periods between October 2003 and December 2006. Ascospores and conidia were trapped
in 46 and 25% of samples, respectively. Ascospore numbers trapped from the pear leaf litter were about five times higher than
those from the meadow, while conidial numbers were similar from the different inoculum sources. The ascosporic season was
very long, with two main trapping periods: December–April, and August–October; the former was most important for the leaf
litter, the latter for the meadow. The conidial season lasted from April to November, with 92% of conidia caught between July
and September. The fungus persistently colonized the meadow: the meadow inoculated in early October 2003 produced spores until
autumn 2006. The present work demonstrates that orchard ground is an important source of inoculum for brown spot of pear.
Thus, it is important to reduce inoculum by managing the orchard ground all year long. 相似文献
975.
Yigang Hu Zengru Wang Qi Wang Shiping Wang Zhishan Zhang Zhenhua Zhang Yang Zhao 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(2):326-339
Purpose
Changes in bioactive soil C pools and their temperature sensitivities will dominate the fate of soil organic C in a warmer future, which is not well understood in highland ecosystems. This study was conducted in order to evaluate climate change, especially cooling effects, on soil labile organic C (LOC) pools in a Tibetan alpine meadow.Materials and methods
A short-term reciprocal translocation experiment was implemented to stimulate climate warming (downward translocation) and cooling (upward translocation) using an elevation gradient on the Tibetan Plateau. Variations in soil microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C (DOC) and LOC were analyzed.Results and discussion
Over the range of soil temperature from 0.02 to 5.5 °C, warming averagely increased soil MBC, DOC and LOC by 15.3, 17.0 and 3.7 % while cooling decreased them by 11.0, 11.9 and 3.2 %, respectively. Moreover, warming generally increased the proportion of DOC in LOC but cooling had an opposite effect, while the response of the MBC proportion to DOC and LOC varied depending on vegetation type. Soil MBC, DOC and LOC pools were positively related to soil temperature and showed a hump-shaped relationship with soil moisture with a threshold of about 30–35 %. Although soil DOC was more sensitive to warming (5.1 % °C?1) than to cooling (3.0 % °C?1), soil LOC showed a symmetrical response due to regulation by soil moisture.Conclusions
Our results indicated that climate change would not only change the size of soil LOC pools but also their quality. Therefore, cooling effects and regulation of soil moisture should be considered to evaluate the fate of soil organic C in Tibetan alpine meadows in a warmer future.976.
Ademola O. Olaniran Adhika Balgobind Ajit Kumar Balakrishna Pillay 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(8):2019-2029
Purpose
Bioremediation of co-contaminated environments is difficult because of the mixed nature of the contaminants and the fact that the two components often must be treated differently. This study investigated the use of inorganic treatment additives, namely calcium carbonate (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), and disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) to improve remediation of soil co-contaminated with 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) and arsenic or cadmium.Materials and methods
The soil samples were collected from a specific site in the Westville area in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Microcosms were set up by artificially co-contaminating the soil sample (100 g mixed with 75 ml of synthetic groundwater in sterile screw-capped 250-ml serum bottles) with 1,2-DCA + risk elements; As3+ (150 mg/kg); or Cd2+ (170 mg/kg). Thereafter, each microcosm was amended with either 5 g CaCO3, 2 g CaSO4·2H2O, or 1.12 g Na2HPO4 + 0.046 g NaCl, separately. The samples were analyzed for the degradation of 1,2-DCA using GC–MS, while total 1,2-DCA degrading bacterial populations were determined at different sampling times using a standard spread plate technique. Soil dehydrogenase and urease activities were also monitored during the experimental period using standard enzyme assays.Results and discussion
Addition of CaCO3 resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in 1,2-DCA degradation in both the As3+ and the Cd2+ co-contaminated soil as compared to the co-contaminated soil without CaCO3. All the treatment additives were more effective in the As3+ co-contaminated soil resulting in 11.19, 9.25, and 5.63% increase in 1,2-DCA degradation in the presence of CaCO3, Na2HPO4 + NaCl, and CaSO4·2H2O, respectively, compared to the Cd2+ co-contaminated soil. The total 1,2-DCA degrading bacterial population increased in treated soils over time. Overall, soil dehydrogenase and urease activities were lower in the heavy metal co-contaminated samples compared to the treated soil. The inhibitory effect of heavy metal was less in As3+ co-contaminated soil for both CaCO3- and Na2HPO4 + NaCl-treated soil, with up to 7.92% increase in dehydrogenase activity obtained compared to soil co-contaminated with Cd2+.Conclusions
Results from this study indicate that treatment additives can be used to reduce bioavailable fractions of risk elements in the soil matrices, thereby limiting the toxicity of these risk elements to 1,2-DCA degrading microorganisms. Thus, this approach can be applied to enhance organic compound degradation in co-contaminated soil environments.977.
Bheema Lingeswara Reddy Inja Naga Lakshmi Narasu Mangamoori Sivaramakrishnan Subramanyam 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(1):9-16
In recent years, microsatellites have become the most used markers for studying population genetic diversity. The increased
availability of the DNA sequences has given the possibility to develop EST-derived SSR markers. A total of 1,927 ESTs of Eleusine coracana available in the NCBI database were mined for SSRs. Di-nucleotides are the most occurring motifs accounting for more than
50% of the repeats, of which GA was the most abundant motif and tetra-nucleotides are the least occurring motifs. Of the 132
markers identified, 30 primer pairs based were synthesized. SSR markers were used for variety discrimination and genetic assessment
in 15 finger millet accessions; 20 primers showed polymorphism and 13 primers were identified as having a PIC value above
0.5. On the basis of the distribution of these polymorphic alleles, the 15 accessions were classified into two groups. This
study has demonstrated the potential of EST-derived SSR primer pairs in finger millet. These primers will serve as valuable
source for further breeding programs. 相似文献
978.
Almudena Bayo-Canha José Ignacio Fernández-Fernández Adrian Martínez-Cutillas Leonor Ruiz-García 《Euphytica》2012,186(2):393-407
The aim of this work was to study the phenotypic segregation of different agronomic and fruit quality traits, and their relationships,
in Monastrell × Syrah wine grape progeny. Twenty-two agronomic traits were evaluated and compared for three consecutive years
in this progeny. The results show the phenotypic diversity existing in a cross between two different wine grape cultivars.
Most of the phenological, productive, morphological, and enological parameters evaluated displayed continuous variation within
the progeny, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Some correlations between traits were detected by the Spearman correlation
test, although high coefficients were not found for most of them. Cluster analysis of the progeny grouped the hybrids based
on criteria with significance for wine grape breeding. Also, we investigated the relationship between the skin color and total
content of anthocyanins with the VvmybA genotype, using the CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker 20D18CB9. The results show that hybrids with two
copies of the functional color allele tend to have increased anthocyanins content. Based on this study, 14 genotypes were
pre-selected from the breeding population for additional quality studies. 相似文献
979.
Josefine Nymark Hegelund Uffe Bjerre Lauridsen Sabá Victoria Wallström Renate Müller Henrik Lütken 《Euphytica》2017,213(2):51
Compact growth is an important quality criterion in horticulture. Many Campanula species and cultivars exhibit elongated growth which is suppressed by chemical retardation and cultural practice during production to accommodate to the consumer’s desire. The production of compact plants via transformation with wild type Agrobacterium rhizogenes is an approach with great potential to produce plants that are non-GMO. Efficient transformation and regeneration procedures vary widely among both plant genera and species. Here we present a transformation protocol for Campanula. Hairy roots were produced on 26–90% of the petioles that were used for transformation of C. portenschlagiana (Cp), a C. takesimana × C. punctata hybrid (Chybr) and C. glomerata (Cg). Isolated hairy roots grew autonomously and vigorously without added hormones. The Cg hairy roots produced chlorophyll and generated plantlets in response to treatments with cytokinin (42 µM 2iP) and auxin (0.67 µM NAA). In contrast, regeneration attempts of transformed Cp and Chybr roots lead neither to the production of chlorophyll nor to the regeneration of shoots. Agropine A. rhizogenes strains integrate split T-DNA in TL- and TR-DNA fragments into the plant genome. In this study, regenerated plants of Cg did not contain TR-DNA, indicating that a selective pressure against this T-DNA fragment may exist in Campanula. 相似文献
980.
Seagrasses, which form critical subtidal habitats for marine organisms worldwide, are fragmented via natural processes but are increasingly being fragmented and degraded by boating, fishing, and coastal development. We constructed an individual-based model to test how habitat fragmentation and loss influenced predator–prey interactions and cohort size for a group of settling juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) in seagrass landscapes. Using results from field studies suggesting that strong top-down processes influence the relationship between cannibalistic blue crab populations and seagrass landscape structure, we constructed a model in which prey (juvenile blue crabs) are eaten by mesopredators (larger blue crabs) which in turn are eaten by top-level predators (e.g., large fishes). In our model, we varied the following parameters within four increasingly fragmented seagrass landscapes to test for their relative effects on cohort size: juvenile blue crab (prey) predator avoidance response, hunting ability of mesopredators and predators, the presence of a top-level predator, and prey settlement routines. Generally, prey cohort size was maximized in the presence of top-level predators and when mesopredators and predators exhibited random searching behavior vs. directed hunting. Cohort size for stationary (tethered) prey was maximized in fragmented landscapes, which corresponds to results from field experiments, whereas mobile prey able to detect and avoid predators had higher survival in continuous landscapes. Prey settlement patterns had relatively small influences on cohort size. We conclude that the effects of seagrass fragmentation and loss on organisms such as blue crabs will depend heavily on behaviors of prey and predatory organisms and how these behaviors change with landscape structure. 相似文献