Isotopic criteria in the characterization of aromatic molecules. 2. Influence of the chemical elaboration process

Most valued natural aromatic molecules can be substituted by their low-cost chemical counterparts. Isotopic methods, which offer the most powerful tool to infer the origin of a molecule, are applied to the characterization of a large number of chemical aromatic species. Isotopic affiliation between precursors and products is investigated in several types of reactions: oxidation of benzyl chloride and benzyl alcohol and hydrolysis of benzylidene chloride and cinnamaldehyde. The isotopic parameters strongly depend not only on the type of process but, for a given process, on the experimental conditions of the reaction. Kinetic isotope effects occurring in several formylation reactions are estimated. It is shown that, in the drastic experimental conditions of many industrial processes, the benzenic hydrogen atoms may be affected by exchange phenomena. Consequently, the site-specific isotopic parameters of the ring fragment of chemical species are usually much less stable than those of the corresponding natural molecules biosynthesized in mild environments. The isotope ratios of substituents such as CH3, CH2Cl, and CHO are more resistant to exchange and provide useful criteria for characterizing both the raw materials and the process. It is shown in particular that radical hydrogen abstraction in toluene to produce benzyl chloride induces relatively moderate fractionation effects. In contrast, oxidation reactions frequently produce strong fractionation effects. In particular, industrial direct oxidation of toluene into benzaldehyde is characterized by deuterium enrichments at the formyl site, which may exceed 900 ppm. Taking into account the large magnitude and high variability of many fractionation effects occurring in chemical reactions, the isotopic fingerprint may provide unambiguous criteria, not only for excluding a natural origin and characterizing the type of process, but also for differentiating molecules synthesized by a given process in different industrial contexts. The isotopic fingerprint may therefore be used by manufacturers as a powerful label for characterizing their production batches.     

Isotopic criteria in the characterization of aromatic molecules. 1. Hydrogen affiliation in natural benzenoid/phenylpropanoid molecules

The site-specific isotope ratios of several families of aromatic molecules are analyzed in terms of hydrogen affiliation and discriminating potential. Among the aromatic molecules produced by plants, many are biosynthesized by the shikimate pathway, but the terpenic pathway also forms some compounds with a benzenic ring. In compounds of the phenylpropanoid family, specific hydrogen connections are determined with cinnamic acid, a key intermediate in the formation of a large number of aromatic molecules. Then affiliations through the phenylalanine precursor, back to the parent d-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate molecules and finally to glucose, are considered. Typical isotopic profiles of the benzenic ring in natural, as compared to non-natural, molecules are defined. The dispersion observed in the (D/H)i ratios of the lateral chains is illustrative of diverse mechanistic responses and the role of exchange phenomena. The isotopic patterns of aromatic molecules pertaining to the terpenic family are drastically different from those of the shikimate descendants, and they exhibit much less variability. They enable the stereochemical affiliation of individual hydrogen atoms to be traced back first to the parent atoms in the common intermediate, geranyl diphosphate, then to the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate couple involved in the DOXP pathway, and ultimately to the glucose precursor. The results illustrate the aptitude of the site-specific isotope ratios not only to authenticate natural with respect to chemical molecules but also to characterize different metabolic pathways and to reveal differences associated with the nature of the plant precursor.     

Forstwirtschaftliche Urbeitsweise in der Landwirtschaft

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Distribution of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis in healthy and diarrhoeic pigs

Although Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis are widely distributed in pigs in Germany, there exists limited information on their clinical relevance.To get more insight into their potential role in swine diarrhoeal disease, in 2002 and 2003 faecal specimens from healthy pigs (n=1445) as well as from diarrhoeic pigs (n=2002) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of both agents. Of the specimens from healthy pigs L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were detected in 7.3% and 6.7%, respectively. In contrast, of the diarrhoeic pigs the ratios of positive samples amounted to 19.4% for L. intracellularis and 17.9% for B. hyodysenteriae. Concerning the age of the diseased animals, in growing pigs the detection rates of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were nearly identical (16.4% and 14.2%, respectively). In fattening pigs a significant higher number of animals were affected with B. hyodysenteriae (35.8%) than with L. intracellularis (28.2%). On the other hand, in sows L. intracellularis (35.6% positive samples) was dominant compared to B. hyodysenteriae (21.2% positive samples). Considering the nearly threefold higher percentage rates of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae in diarrhoeic pigs in comparison to healthy pigs, it is concluded that both agents play an important role in swine diarrhoeal disease. The results further indicated that in fattening pigs B. hyodysenteriae and in sows L. intracellularis have a dominant role, respectively.     

Global internet trade of plants – legality and risks

Internet trade of plants has been investigated in a short study that focused on plants for planting imported into Germany from third countries worldwide. Internet trade of plants may pose a high phytosanitary risk when commodities are infested with non‐native pests including quarantine pests. The offers of 1097 internet traders, in particular non‐European traders, have been checked. One hundred and seventeen consignments of plants were purchased from 70 different internet traders and investigated in detail. As only individual plants were purchased the study shows in particular what is available for purchase to private consumers. The study revealed that 89% of the consignments did not comply with phytosanitary import requirements for one or more reasons. In all these cases the phytosanitary certificate was missing and in 68% of the consignments the customs declaration was missing or wrong. Wrong customs declarations indicate that these internet traders ignored the import requirements or provided incorrect information to the import authorities. Prohibited plants could be easily bought via the internet. In addition, harmful organisms were found in 13% of the consignments and 2% of these were quarantine pests. All consignments that were accompanied by the required phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organisation of the exporting country (11%) complied with the EU and German, respectively, import requirements.     

Application of multielement stable isotope ratio analysis to the characterization of French, italian, and spanish cheeses

The stable isotope ratios (delta13C, delta15N, and delta34S of casein and delta13C and delta18O of glycerol) measured by IRMS of French, Italian, and Spanish cheeses are presented and discussed. Variability factors such as animal-feeding regimen, geographical origin, and climatic and seasonal conditions were studied to check the possibilities of cheese characterization offered by each isotopic parameter. Delta13C values of both casein and glycerol appeared to be strongly correlated to the amount of maize in the animal diet. Delta15N and delta34S of casein proved to be mostly influenced by the geoclimatic conditions of the area (aridity, closeness to the sea, altitude). Delta18O of glycerol was more dependent on the geographical origin of the cheeses and on climatic/seasonal parameters. By applying a multivariate stepwise canonical discriminant analysis, good discrimination possibilities for the different European cheeses were obtained, confirmed by the classification analysis, when >90% of the samples were correctly reclassified.