小区谷物联合收获机气吹式割台设计与试验

为解决现有小区谷物联合收获机割台中有残留、不易清机等问题,设计了一种采用正面气流将禾吹弯再切割的气吹式割台。根据力学原理建立了均匀气流吹禾模型,以小麦顺利进入割台而不掉落为要求,计算得气流支管出口风速为47.35 m/s。以能产生均匀气流为目标,通过理论计算得到气流管道的主要结构参数为:气流总管锥度1∶14.29,气流支管排列间距100 mm。对影响割台残留量和损失率的3个关键工作参数:气流支管出口与割刀的垂直和水平距离、气流支管出口与水平夹角进行了单因素试验和正交试验。单因素试验表明:气流支管出口与割刀的垂直和水平距离在15~27 cm内对割台损失率的影响呈现先降后升的趋势,气流支管与水平夹角对割台损失率和残留量的影响先缓慢减小,后增加较快。正交试验表明:最优组合为气流支管出口与割刀的水平距离21 cm、气流支管出口与割刀的垂直距离21 cm、气流支管出口与水平的夹角10°,此时总损失率为0.88%,割台残留量为1.21 g。气吹式割台残留量少,总损失率低,达到了小区小麦种子收获技术要求。     

基于生态足迹法的西部城市可持续发展评价——以宝鸡市为例

生态足迹法是一种评估区域可持续发展程度和度量维持人类的自然资源消费量的帐户工具,运用该方法对宝鸡市2004年生态足迹进行计算,结果表明该市人均生态足迹1.8887 hm2,生态承载力0.4627 hm2,生态赤字1.426 hm2;此外,对宝鸡市1995～2004年生态足迹进行了动态分析,反映出10年来宝鸡市的生态足迹超过了生态系统的承载力,城市生态系统所受压力偏大;最后提出了缓解宝鸡市城市生态压力的建议.     

黑龙江省水稻穗颈瘟人工接种技术研究

为建立水稻穗颈瘟准确的鉴定技术,在黑龙江省人工气候室完成发病条件鉴定试验,结合田间病圃完成接种条件鉴定试验.结果显示,在人工气候室内,自然光源下、环境温度26℃、相对湿度≥90％、水稻孕穗末期用5号或6号针头注射接种的鉴定效果最佳,供试水稻品种平均发病率为92.22％.在人工控制环境条件的前提下,试验点田间接种的效果也...     

Frequencies of the M918I mutation in the sodium channel of the diamondback moth in China, Thailand and Japan and its association with pyrethroid resistance

In addition to the allele frequencies of the L1014F and T929I mutations which are involved in nerve-insensitive resistance to a pyrethroid, those of the M918I mutation were examined using field strains obtained in China, Thailand, and Japan during 2009-2011. Results show that the resistance allele frequencies at the L1014F site were 89-100%, 97-100% and 65-85%, respectively, for strains in China, Thailand, and Japan. The respective allele frequencies at the T929I site were 86-100%, 70-97% and 58-84% for Chinese, Thai, and Japanese strains. With low frequencies up to 27%, M918I was found in Japan and China, but not in Thailand. The strain homozygous for the M918I and L1014F mutations was established and its resistance level to a pyrethroid was examined. The strain lacks a portion of the sodium channel gene corresponding to the 3′ portion of exon 18a, intron 18, and the 5′ portion of exon 18b. Nevertheless, the strain showed a similar level of resistance to that which was homozygous for the T929I and L1014F mutations.     

除草剂安全剂的作用机制研究进展

本文对国内外关于除草剂安全剂的作用机制研究情况进行了介绍,并对几种较为普遍认同的作用机制重点给予解释。     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉实验种群生命表的影响

为评价吡虫啉对日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto)实验种群的亚致死效应,采用浸渍法处理日本通草蛉卵,测定了吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)对日本通草蛉生长发育、繁殖力和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,经吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)处理后,日本通草蛉幼虫发育历期和蛹期分别延长0.86~2.04 d和1.00~2.37 d,平均单头蛹重降低1.16~1.56 mg,羽化率降低6.13%~13.08%;雌虫产卵前期延长0.19~0.51 d,每雌平均产卵量减少17.75~51.64粒,寿命减少1.75~2.84 d;内禀增长力(r_m)、净繁殖率(R_0)和周限增长率(λ)均显著降低,平均世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(D_t)均显著延长。研究表明,吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉种群的增长具有抑制作用。     

油菜素内酯提高水稻抗病性的分子机制

<正>油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)是植物生长发育所必需的一类甾醇类激素,在抗病毒、病菌等方面起着重要作用。Nakashita et al.(2003)发现BR能诱导水稻对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、稻瘟病菌Pyricularia grisea和水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae产生广谱抗性。为探明BR提高水稻抗病性的分子机制,本试验利用双向电泳技术筛选受BR调控的在抗病过程中起重要作用的蛋白质,通过     

木霉菌REMI转化体对番茄灰霉病的防治及其机理的研究

研究不同木霉菌转化体对番茄灰霉病防治效果及机理,为木霉菌生物防治的合理利用奠定基础。利用限制性内切酶介导基因整合技术(restriction enzyme-mediated integration,REMI),通过插入线性化质粒DNA获得了生物防治番茄灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)效果优于出发菌T21菌株(出发菌)的3个木霉菌转化体Ttrm31、Ttrm34和Ttrm55,对侵染花器和叶片的灰霉病防效分别比原生物防治木霉菌株提高了16.9%和8%。木霉菌转化体的产孢能力、分生孢子的萌发率、对碳氮源的利用能力及对高温的抵抗能力都有所提高;木霉菌转化体本身产生的几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性均比出发菌高,因此通过REMI技术可以获得新的有益木霉菌转化体,在一定程度上提高了生物菌株防治番茄灰霉病的水平。说明REMI技术可以用于改良生防木霉菌株的功能,提高生物防治效果。     

马铃薯青枯病病菌PMA-PCR活菌检测体系优化与初步应用

应用叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)与PCR技术相结合,建立一种有效快速检测包括活的非可培养状态(Viable But Non-Culturable,VBNC)在内的马铃薯青枯菌活菌的方法。根据青枯菌lpxC基因序列设计特异性引物lpxC5a/6a,探究不同PMA浓度、曝光时间对浓度为1×10~9 cfu/m L的热致死菌悬液中死亡菌体抑制效果的影响,确定PMA最佳处理方案,对采自云南地区的19份田间土样中的包括VBNC状态在内的青枯菌活菌进行检测。结果显示,引物lpx C5a/6a可特异性扩增青枯菌而产生304 bp的条带。当样品中PMA终浓度为40μmol/L,650 W卤素灯曝光15 min,PMA可有效抑制死亡菌体的扩增,而对包括VBNC状态在内的青枯菌活菌的扩增没有影响。在19份田间土样检测中,有7份土样检测出存在青枯活菌。