Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

海洋贝类体液防御机制的研究进展

近几年，随着人们将海洋贝类作为食物的兴趣日益浓厚，科学家们对贝类及其防御机制的研究也越来越深入，对它们在生态、社会、经济、营养等方面的作用以及它们的致病微生物的特性进行了大量研究。双壳贝类由于其滤食习性，使它们体内蓄积了大量细菌，成为人类致病菌的积极携带者。因此，研究贝类与微生物之间的相互作用对维护人类健康有重要意义。     

疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育观察及盐度对其孵化的影响

采用显微镜观察了疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaeta)胚胎发育不同时期特征,并依据疣吻沙蚕人工孵化经验设置6个盐度梯度组(A:0,B:5,C:10,D:13,E:15,F:20),每组3个平行,研究了盐度对疣吻沙蚕受精率和孵化率的影响。结果表明,疣吻沙蚕胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、前担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内三刚节疣足幼虫期和三刚节疣足幼虫期8个时期;盐度对疣吻沙蚕孵化影响显著(P0.05),C组受精率和孵化率最高,与其他组存在显著差异(P0.05)。适宜受精的盐度范围为10~13,最适孵化的盐度为10。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and body composition of crucian carp,Carassius auratus under indoor and outdoor experiments

Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluate the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance and body composition of crucian carp. Monocalcium was used to formulate extruded feed containing available phosphorus (AP) of 1.5 (D1), 4.7 (D2), 6.3 (D3) and 9.0 (D4) g kg^?1. Twelve 500‐L recirculating tanks were assigned to four triplicate groups with each tank stocked with 15 juveniles (39.88 ± 0.14 g) for indoor experiment. Twelve polyethylene enclosures were assigned to four groups with each one stocked with 120 juveniles (44.08 ± 1.36 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 96% to 100%. Weight gain, special growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate did not show significant differences among dietary treatments in both experiments. Fish cultured in the enclosures grew better, although D1 and D2 treatments did not reach significant level. Crude protein and phosphorus content of the fish were not significantly affected by dietary phosphorus level. Moisture, crude lipid, crude ash and vertebrae phosphorus were significantly affected by different phosphorus levels. Based on vertebrae phosphorus, crucian carp cultured in the tanks and in the enclosures showed phosphorus deficiency under 4.7 g kg^?1 and 6.3 g kg^?1 AP, respectively.     

Biochemical changes during vitellogenesis in the red claw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) females at different stages of vitellogenesis were sampled to investigate variations in soluble protein, lipid and water content and in the amino acid and fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas and ovaries. During vitellogenesis, the changes in the content of soluble proteins and lipids in the hepatopancreas and ovaries were dependent on both diet and the reserves from the hepatopancreas. However, in comparison to the ovary, the fluctuation of the amino acid composition in the hepatopancreas suggested that the protein resources mobilized from this organ was compensating for those gained from feeding. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas showed limited compensatory function as for the quick accumulation of lipids in the ovaries. The proportional amounts of saturated fatty acids/mono‐unsaturated fatty acids/poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the predominant fatty acids in both tissues indicated that the mobilization and utilization of fatty acids in freshwater species are different from that in marine species. Based on the redclaw's feeding habits, the commercial pellets used in this study may not be optimal, and a diet with less PUFA may suffice for its vitellogenesis and reduce the feeding costs.     

不同小麦品种茎秆抗倒性的研究

为了明确影响小麦抗倒伏性的主要因素,选用生产中应用较广泛的6个高产小麦品种,采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,对不同品种的抗倒伏性状进行研究。结果表明,百农矮抗58的倒伏指数较小,为0.432,与其他品种相比差异显著;百农矮抗58的茎秆机械强度大、茎秆基部第二节短粗、秆壁较厚、次生根数量较多、株高和重心高度较低。相关分析表明,倒伏指数与第二节关系密切,第二节机械强度越大、壁越厚、干重越大、地下部根量越多,倒伏指数就越小,茎秆抗倒性就越强;适当降低株高可以降低植株的重心高度,增强植株抗倒能力。逐步回归分析表明,影响茎秆抗倒性的直接因子为茎秆基部第二节机械强度、第二节干重、地下部根量及地上部鲜重,其中第二节机械强度对茎秆倒伏指数的直接作用最大,其直接通径系数为-0.775,可用第二节机械强度的大小评价品种茎秆抗倒性的强弱。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

基于隐马尔科夫模型的深度视频哺乳母猪高危动作识别

哺乳母猪的高危动作和仔猪存活率有密切关系,能直接体现其母性行为能力,而这些高危动作又与其姿态转换的频率、持续时间等密切相关。针对猪舍环境下,环境光线变化、母猪与仔猪黏连、猪体形变等给哺乳母猪姿态转换识别带来的困难。该文以梅花母猪为研究对象,以Kinect2.0采集的深度视频图像为数据源,提出基于Faster R-CNN和隐马尔科夫模型的哺乳母猪姿态转换识别算法,通过FasterR-CNN产生候选区域,并采用维特比算法构建定位管道;利用Otsu分割和形态学处理提取疑似转换片段中母猪躯干部、尾部和身体上下两侧的高度序列,由隐马尔科夫模型识别姿态转换。结果表明,对姿态转换片段识别的精度为93.67%、召回率为87.84%。研究结果可为全天候母猪行为自动识别提供技术参考。     

2000-2010年福建省植被覆盖度的时空演变特征

运用趋势分析法及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对福建省2000-2010年植被覆盖度进行了分析,探究福建省植被覆盖度的时空演变过程.结果表明:(1)福建省植被覆盖度以每年0.003 15的速率增加,但在2005年存在一个明显的波动下降,植被在7月,8月,9月份盖度最大.(2)根据我国植被覆盖度分类标准,福建省以高植被覆盖度为主,2000-2010年低、中植被覆盖度向高植被覆盖度转化15.84％.(3)各市区植被覆盖度变化显著,其中莆田市、宁德市、漳州市变化最为明显.通过各区域的趋势百分比可知,福建省各市区植被覆盖度以增加为主,各市区植被覆盖度增加百分比为:宁德市＞漳州市＞福州市＞泉州市=莆田市=厦门市＞龙岩市＞南平市＞三明市.(4)不同植被类型区植被盖度在年际变化尺度呈现稳步增加的趋势,各植被类型盖度均值介于0.596～0.799,此外植被覆盖度的增加量顺序依次为:湿地＞草地＞农作物＞非植被＞阔叶林=针叶林.     

多场次降雨对崩岗崩积体细沟侵蚀的影响

崩积体是崩岗的重要组成部分,因土质疏松,极易被侵蚀。细沟侵蚀特征是探讨崩积体侵蚀机制的重要内容。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究多场次降雨条件（1.00、1.67、2.33 mm/min分别降3次雨）对崩积体30°坡面（5m×1 m）细沟侵蚀产沙过程及发育形态特征的影响。结果表明：1）1.00 mm/min降雨强度条件下,3次降雨的后期产沙过程趋于一致,而1.67和2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下,前2次降雨后期产沙过程趋于一致,但第3次降雨后期产沙率急剧增大;2）各降雨强度条件下,沟头溯源作用、细沟平均宽度及深度随着降雨场次的增加而增加;3）不同降雨强度条件下的细沟特征存在差异,1.00和1.67 mm/min降雨强度时,随着降雨场次的增加,坡面的细沟数及细沟密度增加,宽深比减小,但在2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下的结果恰好相反;4）各降雨强度条件下细沟侵蚀量及其增加幅度均增大,细沟侵蚀愈剧烈。