应用间接荧光抗体技术研究水中嗜水气单胞菌的数量与鱼类出血性败血病的关系

应用间接荧光抗体技术（ＩＦＡＴ），并结合嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｈ）地区优势血清型，对鱼类出血性败血病的致病菌Ａｈ进行水中数量的测定。ＭＭ感染试验和对生产鱼塘调查的结果表明，水中Ａｈ菌量与疾病呈正相关，致病浓度又随鱼体健康低下、水中氨氮偏高、溶氧偏低等多种因子的影响而下降。本试验方法快速简便，检测对象为水体，非常适用于预测疾病的发展趋势。     

Cryptic occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chattonella marina</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">marina</Emphasis> in mangrove sediments in Probolinggo,East Java Province,Indonesia

Mangrove forests and adjacent creeks are known to be highly productive estuaries, which are partly supported by benthic microalgae that grow on the sediments. During surveys investigating the microalgal floras of mangrove swamps in the eastern part of Java Island, a mud sample unexpectedly included large numbers of a notorious fish killer, Chattonella-like motile cells, and its resting cysts. These motile cells were established as clonal cultures for further identification and physiological tests. The cysts were examined through palynological and molecular biological means. Identification based on light microscopy and ribosomal RNA gene sequences confirmed that these cells and cysts were Chattonella marina var. marina. While the strains were genetically identical to the temperate strains isolated from Japan and China, temperature experiments showed that the Indonesian strains possessed a high maximum quantum yield of photosystem II even after exposure to 34 °C, a temperature at which the Japanese strain could not survive. Salinity experiments showed adaptation of the strains to a salinity of 15. These findings, together with the discovery of populations of cysts in the mangrove sediment, highlight the tough and unique nature of the Indonesian strains, which are likely adapted to wide fluctuations of temperature and salinity in mangrove swamps, and pose a potential risk to fisheries in Indonesia.     

Optimisation of larval culture of the mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">edulis</Emphasis> (L.)

The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is a commercially important species whose fishery and culture generally relies on natural spat collection. Hatchery-production could provide an alternative source of seed, enabling reliable expansion of the industry. Mussel spawning and larval rearing trials were carried out to optimise elements of hatchery production. Culturing fertilised eggs at low density (20–200 eggs cm⁻²) rather than high density (400–720 eggs cm⁻²) significantly improved the quality of first veliger larvae and differences in this improvement were evident between the eggs from different females (maternal effects). Veliger larval growth at 17 or 21°C was significantly faster than growth at 14°C. Feeding veliger larvae an identical total ration either daily or at 2–3 day intervals did not significantly affect their growth. Different microalgal diets (1: Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO), 2: Chaetoceros calcitrans forma pumilus, 3: C. muelleri, 4: mixed Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) and C. calcitrans f. pumilus, and 5: mixed Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) and C. muelleri) were tested on veliger larval growth and mixed diets outperformed single-species diets.     

不同鱼腥草生物特性及高效高产栽培技术研究

对鱼腥草的生物学特性进行了调查观察,特别对鱼腥草的人工栽培技术等方面进行了探索研究。收集鱼腥草种质资源23个,进行种植保存;并建立30多亩生产示范基地。结果：不同种源鱼腥草主要经济性状存在显著差异,其中地上茎叶产量以11号处理最高干品产量达0.93kg/m^2,比最低的10号处理0.38kg/m^2高144.74%。地下根鲜产量以处理4最高达5.5kg/m^2,比最低的17号处理1.7kg/m^2高223.53%;通过对23个种源地上干品产量、地下根鲜品产量统计比较结果,可选用11号、17号、16号等作为售茎叶为主的药用栽培品种,3号、4号、13号等作为售鲜根为主的菜用栽培品种。在栽培地上套种吊瓜可增产增效。     

一种新型集蔗器的结构设计及其有限元分析

集蔗器是甘蔗收割机中用来收集甘蔗的装置。通过总结前人所设计的集蔗器的优缺点,提出了一种新型集蔗机构—挡板式斜集集蔗器,并进行了结构设计、参数计算和三维建模;最后,为了验证所设计的集蔗器转轴的尺寸的合理性,通过有限元分析了软件ANSYS分析它在受外力情况下的变形情况和整体的应力分布情况。     

Analysis of rice blast resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pi</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">z</Emphasis> in rice germplasm using pathogenicity assays and DNA markers

The Pi-z gene in rice confers resistance to a wide range of races of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. The objective of this study was to characterize Pi-z in 111 rice germplasm accessions using DNA markers and pathogenicity assays. The existence of Pi-z in rice germplasm was detected by using four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (RM527, AP4791, AP5659-1, AP5659-5) closely linked to Pi-z, and was verified using pathogenicity assays with an avirulent strain (IE1k) and two virulent races (IB33 and IB49). Among 111 germplasm accessions evaluated, 73 were found to contain the Pi-z gene using both SSR markers and pathogenicity assays. The remaining 38 germplasm accessions were found to be inconsistent in their responses to the blast races IB33, IEIk and IB49 with expected SSR marker alleles, suggesting the presence of unexpected SSR alleles and additional R gene(s). These characterized germplasm can be used for genetic studies and marker-assisted breeding for improving blast resistance in rice.     

Functional and structural responses of bacterial and fungal communities from paddy fields following long-term rice cultivation

Purpose

Rice paddy soils undergo pedogenesis driven by periodic flooding and drainage cycles that lead to accumulation of organic matter and the stratification of nutrients and oxygen in the soil profile. Here, we examined the effects of continuous rice cultivation on microbial community structures, enzyme activities, and chemical properties for paddy soils along a chronosequence representing 0–700 years of rice cropping in China.

Materials and methods

Changes in the abundance and composition of bacterial and fungal communities were characterized at three depths (0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm) in relation to organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen, and activities of acid phosphatase, invertase, and urease.

Results and discussion

Both soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased over time at all three depths, while pH generally decreased. Microbial abundance (bacteria and fungi) and invertase and urease activity significantly increased with the duration of rice cultivation, especially in the surface layer. Fungal abundance and acid phosphatase activity declined with depth, whereas bacterial abundance was highest at the 5–10-cm soil depth. Profiles of the microbial community based on PCR-DGGE of 16S rRNA indicated that the composition of fungal communities was strongly influenced by soil depth, whereas soil bacterial community structures were similar throughout the profile.

Conclusions

Soil bioactivity (microbial abundance and soil enzymes) gradually increased with organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation under prolonged rice cultivation. Microbial activity decreased with depth, and soil microbial communities were stratified with soil depth. The fungal community was more sensitive than the bacterial community to cultivation age and soil depth. However, the mechanism of fungal community succession with rice cultivation needs further research.

     

GIS支持下的上海畜禽业污染研究

对上海畜禽业污染信息系统的建立作了有益的探讨。集约化畜禽养殖中污染负荷的空间分布规律研究结果表明，由此所产生的畜禽粪尿达 301.2万 t，单位耕地面积粪尿量表现为近郊 >中郊 >远郊，近郊以生猪场的污染贡献率最高，中郊以生猪和奶牛场、远郊以奶牛场的污染贡献率最高。为减少畜禽业对黄浦江、苏州河水质以及城区环境的威胁，需搬迁畜禽场253个。     

Assessing the Impacts of Time-to-Detection Distribution Assumptions on Detection Probability Estimation

Abundance estimates from animal point-count surveys require accurate estimates of detection probabilities. The standard model for estimating detection from removal-sampled point-count surveys assumes that organisms at a survey site are detected at a constant rate; however, this assumption can often lead to biased estimates. We consider a class of N-mixture models that allows for detection heterogeneity over time through a flexibly defined time-to-detection distribution (TTDD) and allows for fixed and random effects for both abundance and detection. Our model is thus a combination of survival time-to-event analysis with unknown-N, unknown-p abundance estimation. We specifically explore two-parameter families of TTDDs, e.g., gamma, that can additionally include a mixture component to model increased probability of detection in the initial observation period. Based on simulation analyses, we find that modeling a TTDD by using a two-parameter family is necessary when data have a chance of arising from a distribution of this nature. In addition, models with a mixture component can outperform non-mixture models even when the truth is non-mixture. Finally, we analyze an Ovenbird data set from the Chippewa National Forest using mixed effect models for both abundance and detection. We demonstrate that the effects of explanatory variables on abundance and detection are consistent across mixture TTDDs but that flexible TTDDs result in lower estimated probabilities of detection and therefore higher estimates of abundance.Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.     

饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响

研究了饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响.于21±1℃条件下,在室内水族箱内对鲫鱼进行了为期28d的饥饿实验,分别在饥饿开始后的0、7、14、21、28d取样并测定了其血液生理生化指标和全血粘度.结果表明血液中红细胞数和红细胞压积分别在饥饿后7d和14d内显著下降,而白细胞数和红细胞沉降率分别在饥饿后7d和21d内显著上升;鲫鱼血清中的血糖对饥饿特别敏感,在饥饿后7d内明显下降(P＜0.05),此后几周变化不明显(P＞0.05);总蛋白和白蛋白在饥饿后7d内均有所增加,然后下降;谷丙转氨酶活性在饥饿后14d内明显下降,甘油三脂和总胆固醇在饥饿后21d内明显下降;饥饿对鲫鱼血清钙离子浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著性影响.全血粘度值在饥饿后14d内下降,随后全血粘度值逐渐增加,到饥饿后28d时仍低于正常值.结果提示,饥饿对鲫鱼大部分血液生理生化指标和血液流变学性质有显著性影响.