东祁连山不同高寒灌丛草地土壤抗蚀性研究

为探讨祁连山东段不同高寒灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性特征,采用野外调查和室内试验的方式,对东祁连山金露梅、柳、杜鹃3类高寒灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:不同灌丛草地土壤水稳性团聚体主要以0.5mm的大粒径水稳性团聚体为主,土壤团聚结构破坏率表现为:柳灌丛草地杜鹃灌丛草地金露梅灌丛草地;土壤水稳性指数依次为:杜鹃灌丛草地(97.1%)柳灌丛草地(96.9%)金露梅灌丛草地(95.8%);土壤抗蚀指数表现为:杜鹃灌丛草地最大(95.0%),金露梅灌丛草地最小(92.9%)。总体上,杜鹃灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性最强,金露梅灌丛草地的土壤抗蚀性最差。通过灰色关联度法,对0.5mm的机械团聚体含量、0.25mm的机械团聚体含量、0.25mm的水稳性团聚体含量、0.5mm的水稳性团聚体含量、土壤结构破坏率、水稳性团聚体平均质量直径、有机质、土壤崩解率、土壤水稳性指数、土壤抗蚀指数10个土壤抗蚀性指标进行评价分析认为,影响高寒灌丛草地土壤抗蚀性最主要的因素是水稳性指数、0.25mm水稳团聚体和水稳性团聚体平均质量直径。     

Patterns of SSR variation in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing

Maintaining seed viability and germplasm integrity is a challenging task in conservation of plant genetic resources, as seeds under storage will lose viability and genetic changes will occur. Attempt was made to analyze the patterns of genetic changes in wheat germplasm under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing treatments. A set of 16 naturally aged wheat accessions under ex situ genebank storage since 1994 were sampled. Four recently regenerated wheat accessions were selected, four random seed samples were chosen from each accession, and three of them were exposed to three different accelerated ageing treatments. These 32 seed samples in two germplasm sets displayed a range of germination rates from 4 to 98 %. Thirty-seven microsatellite markers representing 21 wheat chromosomes were applied to screen 12 seeds of each sample and 449 SSR alleles were scored. Large SSR variation was found in each germplasm set. There was 73.1 % of the total SSR variation present among the naturally aged samples and 78.2 % present among the accelerated ageing samples. Several analyses for genetic association consistently revealed no clear genetic separations among samples of high or low germination rates in both germplasm sets. Samples under different accelerated ageing treatments did not show much genetic differentiations from the original sample of each accession. Mantel tests revealed non-significant associations between SSR variability and sample germination rates for both germplasm sets. These findings are useful for understanding seed deterioration under different ageing conditions and suggest that genome-wide SSR variability may not provide sensitive markers for the monitoring of wheat seed viability.     

基于卷积神经网络与迁移学习的油茶病害图像识别

传统的植物病害图像识别准确率严重依赖于耗时费力的人工特征设计。该文利用深度卷积神经网络强大的特征学习和特征表达能力来自动学习油茶病害特征,并借助迁移学习方法将Alex Net模型在Image Net图像数据集上学习得到的知识迁移到油茶病害识别任务。对油茶叶片图像进行阈值分割、旋转对齐、尺度缩放等预处理后,按照病害特征由人工分为藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病和健康叶5个类别。每个类别各选取750幅图像组成样本集,从样本集中随机选择80%的样本用作训练集,剩余20%用作测试集。利用随机裁剪、旋转变换和透视变换对训练集进行数据扩充,以模拟图像采集的不同视角和减少网络模型的过拟合。在Tensor Flow深度学习框架下,基于数据扩充前后的样本集,对Alex Net进行全新学习和迁移学习。试验结果表明,迁移学习能够明显提高模型的收敛速度和分类性能;数据扩充有助于增加数据的多样性,避免出现过拟合现象;在迁移学习和数据扩充方式下的分类准确率高达96.53%,对藻斑病、软腐病、煤污病、黄化病、健康叶5类病害的F1得分分别达到94.28%、94.67%、97.31%、98.34%和98.03%。该方法具有较高的识别准确率,对平移、旋转具有较强的鲁棒性,可为植物叶片病害智能诊断提供参考。     

Biochar improves sediment microbial fuel cell performance in low conductivity freshwater sediment

Purpose

The low conductivity of sediments for mass and electron transport is the most severe limiting factor in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), so that sediment ameliorations yielded more remarkable effects than electrode improvements. The objective of this research was to enhance the electricity generation of SMFCs with amendments of biochar to freshwater sediments for conductivity enhancement.

Materials and methods

Laboratory-scale SMFCs were constructed and biochars were produced from coconut shells at different temperatures. Variations in the power output, electrode potential, internal resistance, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and microbial communities were measured.

Results and discussion

Amending with biochar reduced the charge transfer resistances of SMFCs and enriched the Firmicutes (mainly Fusibacter sp.) in the sediment, which improved the SMFC power generation by two- to tenfold and enhanced the TOC removal rate by 1.7- to fourfold relative to those without the amendment.

Conclusions

The results suggested that biochar amendment is a promising strategy to enhance SMFC power production, and the electrical conductivity of biochar should be considered important when interpreting the impact biochar has on the electrical performance of soil or freshwater sediment MFCs.

     

应用纹理分析方法在线监测苹果冻干含水率

在果蔬真空冷冻干燥过程中对果蔬物料含水率进行实时监测,可为冻干过程监控和优化提供依据。该文研究以冻干果蔬物料含水分图像纹理分析为技术手段,实现连续表达干燥过程中物料的含水率。试材选用苹果,采用环形光源和高速CCD组件,在冻干仓窗外分别采集原始苹果样本MA和经CuSO4溶液染色的苹果样本MB在一个完整冻干周期中表面含水纹理变化的动态图像,运用主成分分析法对图像均值等6个含水纹理特征指标进行统计分析,并对原始样本纹理特征的第一主分量与其含水率W1、染色样本含水纹理特征的第一主分量与其含水率W2、W1和W2分别进行非线性回归分析。结果表明,模型的决定系数达到0.9376、0.9289和0.9930,且显著性检验概率均<0.0001,模型检验极显著。同时,模型相对误差基本<3%。因此,由果蔬物料含水图像的纹理特征可实现含水率的在线监测。该方法不但为真空冷冻干燥加工过程控制探索一种利用水分图像处理方法进行水分在线监测的新方法,而且也可在其他干燥加工水分监测及过程控制中应用。     

实际作业工况下农用拖拉机的排放特性

为了分析实际工况下农业机械的排放特征,该研究利用车载排放测试系统对12辆农用拖拉机进行怠速、行走和耕作3种操作模式下的田间排放测试。结果发现:在旋耕模式下,CO、HC、NOx和PM单位时间的排放因子要高于怠速和行走模式,同时较高的油耗使得CO、HC、NOx基于油耗的排放因子小于怠速和行走模式;测试拖拉机的污染物排放因子随着排放标准的加严呈减小趋势。与中国第1阶段排放标准的测试拖拉机相比,中国第2阶段排放标准的拖拉机4种污染物的单位时间的排放因子分别降低了31.49%、5.96%、6.17%和5.91%。该研究中拖拉机HC、NOx和PM的排放因子要高于NONROAD模型中美国同类机型的结果。通过对大中型农用拖拉机保有量及年使用小时数调查,估算得到2011年中国大中型拖拉机的CO、HC、NOx和PM排放总量分别为32.3、10.6、81.0和9.1万t。与同年的机动车排放量相比,其排放总量不容忽视。     

基于Web投票机制的免疫协同过滤推荐技术研究

针对投票机制的个性化推荐系统,利用人工免疫网络模型的动态适应性、自组织性等特性,通过构建用户的兴趣模型来设计用户投票行为的抗体（抗原）编码及交叉克隆算子,并通过人工免疫网络模型来产生高效的推荐结果。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

不同风沙土含水量因子的抗风蚀性

土地荒漠化是当今世界环境、社会和经济所面临的一个最大问题。它是以风沙活动为主要标志，包括土壤风蚀、风沙流、风沙沉积和沙丘前移的一系列过程，其中土壤风蚀是导致土地沙漠化的主要原因和首要环节。我国是世界上受沙漠化影响最严重的国家之一。全国沙漠、戈壁和沙漠化土地约为165．3万km^2，分布在干旱、半干旱地区以及部分半湿润地区。     

一种履带拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

针对由于转向机制不同导致的自动导航系统无法在轮式与履带式拖拉机上通用的问题,提出了一种基于履带转速与虚拟驱动速度和虚拟转向角转换模型的控制方法。通过对轮式车辆中性转向二轮模型和履带车辆转向模型的分析,推导出履带车辆两侧履带卷绕速度与虚拟转向角和虚拟驱动速度的表达式,为自动导航驾驶系统构建完整的反馈控制。进行实车转向试验,采集数据,对提出的转换模型进行验证。结果显示,该转换模型下理论值与实际参考值具有很好的对应关系,该转向控制方法可行。