西瓜可溶性固形物含量近红外透射检测技术

设计的近红外透射式西瓜可溶性固形物含量（SSC）检测系统主要包括光纤光谱仪、光纤透射附件、数据采集卡以及自制光源。对50个麒麟瓜SSC进行了预测试验,采用主成分回归和偏最小二乘回归法分别建立了样品的原始光谱、一阶微分光谱、二阶微分光谱和SSC的预测模型,结果表明偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型具有较高的相关性,相关系数为0．951,均方根校正误差0．347,均方根预测误差0．302,样本真实值与预测值的相关系数为0．910。     

XTD469Q型微型车发动机设计与试验

研制开发了新一代强化集成型微车用XTD469Q型电控四气门汽油机,阐述了该机型设计的结构特点和研发技术,并对样机进行了台架可靠性试验。结果表明,XTD469Q型汽油机总体结构的集成强化型设计技术,以及冷却系统、润滑系统和正时传动系统的研发技术,保证了发动机工作的可靠性,提高了其使用寿命。而对换气系统和燃烧系统的优化设计,以及采用机外净化技术,使该机的排放指标得到了进一步优化。     

采煤沉陷对土壤侵蚀与土地利用的影响预测

中国新建和将建的煤矿区主要集中分布在生态脆弱的晋、陕、蒙区,生态环境压力大。正确预测采煤沉陷引发的人为加速土壤侵蚀与土地利用变化,可为生态脆弱煤矿区的生态恢复和重建提供依据。该文采用RS、GIS为手段进行信息提取和图形叠加,结合类比法和专家咨询法等,研究了山西大同塔山矿采煤沉陷引发的土壤侵蚀和土地利用的变化。结果表明：1)采煤后88.80%土地发生不同程度的沉陷。2)沉陷后土地年土壤侵蚀总量增加42.32～79.05万t,单位面积年侵蚀量增加了246.01～464.56 t/km²,侵蚀模数为2321.78～4335.64 t/(km²·a),部分地块沉陷后土壤侵蚀强度上升了一个等级。3)地表移动变形产生的裂缝、陷坑、塌方或小滑坡等,使农用地被分割而破碎、地块变小,其中,沉陷后旱地最小斑块面积为7.72 m²,有林地最小斑块面积为72.95 m²,灌木林地最小斑块面积为6.71 m²,疏林地最小斑块面积为75.79 m²,中覆盖度草地最小斑块面积为14.81 m²,低覆盖度草地最小斑块面积为9.44 m²。局部裂缝密集带,可造成土地毁坏。4)除工交用地和居民点用地外,原地貌沉陷后土地利用率,较原地貌降低10%的比例为14.05%,降低10%～20%(含10%)的比例为85.18%,降低20%(含20%)以上的比例为0.77%。     

韩国大米流通组织结构的变化及启示

随着韩国大米流通政策的改革和国民消费倾向的改变,韩国大米流通组织结构也在发生深刻的变化,正在形成各类流通组织竞争的局面。本文介绍了韩国大米流通政策的变化历程和流通路径变化情况,分析了韩国大米流通组织结构变化,提出了在中国的粮食流通体制改革中可借鉴的一些经验。     

干巴菌菌丝营养生理特性的初步研究

本文报道了不同碳源、氮源、微量元素及维生素培养基对干巴菌菌丝生长的影响。试验表明,干巴菌菌丝利用最好的的碳源是葡萄糖,其次是蔗糖。利用最好的氮源是硝酸钙,其次是硝酸铵和硫酸铵,对蛋白胨和尿素的利用效果差。缺少碳源或氮源时,菌丝生长细弱、稀少,不形成原基。微量元素和维生素均对干巴菌菌丝生长有促进作用,其中以锰、铜和维生素Ｂ２的作用尤为突出。     

同功酶技术在真菌分类中的应用

本文介绍了当前应用于真菌分类中的同功酶技术的原理、操作、适用范围及其应用状况,为食、药用真菌研究者和生产者提供参考。     

猪、奶牛粪厌氧发酵中Pb的形态转化及其分布特征

畜禽粪便经厌氧发酵后其中的铅（Pb）仍然保留在沼液和沼渣中,阐明此发酵过程中 Pb 的形态转化对沼液和沼渣的后续处理有重要的参考意义。该研究以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温（37℃±2℃）条件下,采用连续搅拌反应器进行了130 d中试试验,分析了Pb在固相和液相中的分配及其形态转化。研究结果发现：1）与进料相比,猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中总Pb量降低了约70%和19%;2）猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中Pb在液相中的比例为29%和17%,较发酵前降低约17%和58%;3）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼液中各形态Pb所占比例的大小顺序为：残渣态（35%）>酸溶态/可交换态（34%）>可还原态（24%）>可氧化态（8%）;奶牛粪沼液中为：可还原态（33%）>酸溶态/可交换态（27%）>残渣态（26%）>可氧化态（15%）;4）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼渣中残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态Pb的比例都极显著增加,奶牛粪沼渣中可氧化态Pb的比例极显著增加。猪粪和奶牛粪厌氧发酵后,适合通过沉淀池或氧化塘削减沼液中的Pb含量;但沼渣中Pb的浓度较大且化学形态发生显著变化,建议还田前进行重金属钝化处理。     

Soil respiration as affected by vegetation types in a semiarid region of China

There are variations in soil respiration across vegetation types; however, it is unclear which factors are mainly responsible for the variations. A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a semiarid region of China to investigate the daytime and monthly variation of soil respiration across vegetation types and to determine the factors controlling the variation. An automated portable soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurement system was used to measure the soil respiration in shrubland, grassland, fallow land, and cropland during the growing periods. The results showed that the relative daytime variation amplitude of soil respiration in the fallow land and cropland was as small as that of shrubland and grassland during July, but greater than that of shrubland and grassland during August and October. A hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime soil temperature was observed for all four vegetation types. There was also a hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime air temperature for the grassland. Over the study period, the monthly soil respiration rates of the fallow land and cropland were statistically comparable and significantly lower than those of the shrubland and grassland, with the exception of August, during which the monthly soil respiration of the cropland was as great as that of shrubland and grassland. The factors responsible for the monthly soil respiration variation across the vegetation types differed from month to month. In general, the soil temperature and soil water content were mainly responsible in August and September; however, the root biomass predominated in July and October. The results are valuable for accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes by considering the temporal variability of the soil respiration variation across vegetation types in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Manganese availability and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Mn deficiency

Plant genotypes differ in their capacity to grow in soils with low manganese (Mn) availability. The physiological mechanisms underlying differential tolerance to Mn deficiency are poorly understood. To study the relationship between Mn content in soil, plant genotypes, and rhizosphere microorganisms in differential Mn efficiency, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, RAC891 (tolerant to Mn deficiency) and Yanac (sensitive), were grown in a Mn‐deficient soil to which 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg Mn kg^–1 were added. The shoot dry matter of both cultivars increased with increasing Mn addition to the soil. At all soil Mn fertilizer levels, the tolerant RAC891 had a greater shoot dry matter and a higher total shoot Mn uptake than the sensitive Yanac. The concentration of DTPA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere soil of RAC891 at Mn20 and Mn40 was slightly lower than in the rhizosphere of Yanac. The population density of culturable microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil was low (log 6.8–6.9 cfu (g soil)^–1) in both cultivars and neither Mn oxidation nor reduction were observed in vitro. To assess the non‐culturable fraction of the soil microbial community, the ribosomal intergenetic spacer region of the bacterial DNA in the rhizosphere soil was amplified (RISA) and separated in agarose gels. The RISA banding patterns of the bacterial rhizosphere communities changed markedly with increasing soil Mn level, but there were no differences between the wheat cultivars. The bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere was significantly correlated with the concentration of DPTA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere, fertilizer Mn level, shoot dry matter, and total shoot Mn uptake. The results obtained by RISA indicate that differential tolerance to Mn deficiency in wheat may not be related to changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere.     

温室用轻型方钢管柱脚底板压力及其简化计算模型

为研究半刚性柱脚底板压力分布,以轻型方钢管柱脚底板为研究对象,首先利用数值模拟方法,考虑柱脚与混凝土基础间非线性静力接触效应,针对4种加劲肋布置方式、6种偏心矩,分别计算24个轻型方钢管柱脚模型的底板受力情况,得到了底板压力分布规律,在此基础上提出了三折线底板压力分布模型,给出了轻型方钢管柱脚底板压力简化计算模型,并确定了相应关键参数。将简化计算模型结果与数值模拟、基于Winkler弹性地基梁模型的解析解和三角形压力分布的底板压力计算结果相对比。结果表明:三角形压力分布计算得到的底板最大压力值位于底板端部,而数值模拟、解析解及该文简化计算模型得到的最大压力值均位于柱截面翼缘处,且三角形压力分布的底板压力最大值明显大于该文简化计算模型结果,简化计算模型计算的底板压力最大值与数值模拟结果较为接近,且二者与解析解底板压力分布曲线亦吻合良好(误差大约为10%)。研究成果为轻型方钢管柱脚设计提供了更为精确适用的计算方法。