Metabolism of fungicidal cyanooximes, cymoxanil and analogues in various strains of Botrytis cinerea

BACKGROUND: The metabolism of cymoxanil [1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyiminoacetyl)‐3‐ethylurea] and fungicidal cyanooxime analogues was monitored on three phenotypes of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. differing in their sensitivity towards cymoxanil. For this purpose, labelled [2‐¹⁴C]cymoxanil was added either to the culture medium of these strains or to its cell‐free extract. RESULTS: In the culture medium of the most sensitive strain, four main metabolites were detected. Three were isolated and identified. Cymoxanil was quickly metabolised by at least three concurrent enzymatic pathways: (i) cyclisation leading, after hydrolysis, to ethylparabanic acid, (ii) reduction giving demethoxylated cymoxanil, (iii) hydrolysis followed by reduction and then acetylation leading to N‐acetylcyanoglycine. In the cell‐free extract of the same strain, only the first and the second of these enzymatic reactions occurred. By comparing the metabolic profile of the most sensitive strain with that of the less sensitive ones, it was shown that the decrease in sensitivity to cymoxanil correlates with a reduced acetylcyanoglycine formation. Among all metabolites, only N‐acetylcyanoglycine is active against the most sensitive strain. Moreover, in a culture of this strain, two other fungicidal cyanooximes were also metabolised into this metabolite. CONCLUSION: The formation of N‐acetylcyanoglycine may play an important role in the fungitoxicity of cymoxanil and cyanooxime derivatives. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Über die Bedeutung des Messingkäfers

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Untersuchung über die Pflanzenschäden durch arsenhaltige Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel

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Transport of benzo(a)pyrene into animal organs following the feeding of activated sludge from swine manure

In feeding experiments with pigs and fish (carp and trout) the test animals received quotas of activated sludge of 7.5 and 15% DM (pigs) and 20% (carp) in their mixed feed. In an experiment with trout in an aquarium the quota of activated sludge was increased from 20% to 50%. The benzo(a)pyrene content was ascertained in selected organs of the pigs (kidney, liver, bacon, muscles) and the edible parts of the fish. As a result of this experiment one can say that the feeding of activated sludge from pig manure does not result in an increased benzo(a)pyrene content in the tested organs of the pigs and the edible parts of the fish.     

Pollen Longevity in Wheat, Rye and Triticale

The duration of pollen life was measured for several varieties of wheat, rye and triticale to determine whether the inclusion of alleles for pollen longevity from alien sources would be necessary and effective in hybrid wheat production. Percent seed set was calculated from spikes in which emasculated flowers had been pollinated with pollen stored for specified time intervals under desiccation and under normal greenhouse conditions. Seed was set on wheat, rye and triticale lines using pollen stored for 45, 220, and 80 minutes, respectively. These results indicate that the duration of wheat pollen life is adequate for fertilization to occur under conditions normally used in hybrid wheat production, and that. Introgression of alien alleles is not necessary.     

Börnerina,eine neue Gattung der Atheroididen (Chaetophoriden)

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Fliegenresistenz in der Praxis

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund 8jähriger praktischer Erfahrungen bei der Fliegenbekämpfung wird festgestellt, daß der Erfolg einer Fliegenbekämpfung von einer Anzahl verschiedener Faktoren abhängig ist, die sich je nach den örtlichen und zeitlichen Gegebenheiten in wechselnder Stärke auswirken.