基于SWOT分析的榆林山地苹果产业发展策略与定位研究

在苹果适生区西移北扩的背景下,位于毛乌素沙地和黄土高原交叉地带的榆林南部丘陵沟壑区迎来了苹果产业发展的春天,苹果产业已被定位为榆林四大主导产业之一,预计2025年产值达到100亿元。为了促进区域苹果产业高质量可持续发展,采用SWOT分析方法,系统性的分析了区域山地苹果产业发展的内部优势与劣势、外部威胁与机遇。基于SWOT分析和综合分析,提出了榆林苹果产业发展SO策略、ST战略、WO战略和WT战略,提出了重点发展南部丘陵区与探索北部风沙区、适度扩大栽培规模与重点提升品质、品系以富士系为主与多品系为辅、市场以北方市场为主与南方及海外为辅、消费者以中青年为主与儿童老年为辅等产业发展定位,以期为榆林市山地苹果产业发展提供科学的理论依据。     

基于病菌孢子捕捉和real-time PCR技术的田间空气中小麦白粉病菌孢子动态监测及病情估计模型研究

利用Burkard定容式孢子捕捉器结合real-time PCR定量技术,分别对种植高抗、中感和高感白粉病小麦品种的田间空气中白粉病菌分生孢子浓度进行监测,结果表明,real-time PCR定量与传统的显微观察计数两种方法测得的孢子浓度呈显著正相关(P≤0.01),且两种病菌孢子计数方法在同一抗性品种上监测到的孢子浓度动态相近。此外,两种方法测得的孢子浓度与各气象因子的相关性分析结果一致,空气中的白粉病菌孢子浓度主要与空气相对湿度显著正相关。在此基础上,利用两种方法测定的田间空气中白粉病菌孢子浓度分别建立了基于累积孢子浓度的田间病情估计模型。分析发现,基于两种孢子浓度测定方法建立的病情估计模型间无显著性差异,表明real-time PCR定量技术测定的孢子浓度在构建白粉病病情估计模型上具有一定可行性。该结果为real-time PCR定量技术与病菌孢子捕捉技术相结合用于小麦白粉病的监测和预测提供理论依据。     

苯醚甲环唑拌种对小麦根际微生物群落的影响

小麦茎基腐病是我国北方小麦主产区的重大病害,对小麦安全生产造成严重威胁。化学农药的使用是最直接有效的防治方法,在植物病害防治中发挥重要作用。苯醚甲环唑是一种具有较高安全性的三唑类杀菌剂。本课题前期明确了苯醚甲环唑拌种对小麦茎基腐病有一定的防治效果,且促生增产,但其对小麦根际微生物的影响尚不清楚。本文研究了苯醚甲环唑拌种对茎基腐病田中小麦根际土壤微生物的影响,结果表明,苯醚甲环唑拌种处理对小麦分蘖期,拔节期和灌浆期根际微生物的alpha和beta多样性均无显著影响,但使分蘖期镰孢属的相对丰度显著降低。微生物共现网络分析表明,苯醚甲环唑拌种处理提高了细菌网络的复杂性,降低了真菌网络复杂性,使植株根际微生物网络更接近健康植株根际的特征。该研究从根际微生物的角度为苯醚甲环唑防治小麦茎基腐病的机制研究及对土壤微生物的安全性评价提供理论依据。     

紫甘蓝和普通甘蓝光合特性的比较

 以'早红'、'红日' 紫甘蓝为试材,分别用Unispec型光谱仪和Ciras-2型光合作用测定系统研究紫甘蓝色素含量及光合特性,并与普通甘蓝'中甘11'作比较。结果表明,两个紫甘蓝品种的色素含量和净光合速率（Pn）差异不大。与普通甘蓝相比,紫甘蓝叶绿素含量较高,且含有较大比例的花青素,Pn明显降低。紫甘蓝生长过程中以结球初期Pn最高,后期Pn降低幅度明显小于普通甘蓝,结球中期叶绿素含量最高,花青素含量随着生育期进展而逐渐升高。紫甘蓝Pn日变化呈单峰曲线型,峰值出现在10:00－11:00,其光补偿点为68.5 μmo1·m^-2·s^-1,饱和点为1,077.5 μmo1·m^-2·s^-1,CO2补偿点为70.4 μmo1·mol^-1,饱和点为1,140 μmo1·mol^-1,均略高于普通甘蓝。20 ℃条件下,紫甘蓝的Pn最高,其低温补偿点和高温补偿点分别为－4.4 ℃和51.3 ℃,均低于普通甘蓝。     

Effects of GW1929 on macrophage TLR expression and inflammation induced by ox-LDL

AIM: To investigate the effects of ox-LDL on TLR2 and TLR4 expression and production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12, NO and MDA in macrophages and to observe intervention effect of GW1929 in above procedure. METHODS: The mouse peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with ox-LDL (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L) and GW1929 (20 μmol/L) respectively for 24 h. The concentrations of MDA, NO-2/NO-3, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 in the culture fluid were detected. Flow cytometry was used to observe TLR2 and TLR4 expressions after the mouse peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with ox-LDL (50 mg/L) and GW1929 (20 μmol/L) respectively for 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. RESULTS: The concentrations of MDA, NO-2/NO-3, TNF-α and IL-10 in ox-LDL (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L) group were higher than those in control and GW1929 group obviously, but the concentrations of above index in ox-LDL (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L)+GW1929 group were lower than those in ox-LDL (50 mg/L, 100 mg/L) group apparently. No IL-12 in every group was detected. Expressions of TLR-2 in ox-LDL+GW1929 (6 h, 12 h, 24 h) group were lower than those in ox-LDL (6 h, 12 h, 24 h) group respectively. TLR-4 expressions in ox-LDL+GW1929 (12 h) were lower than those in ox-LDL (12 h) apparently. CONCLUSION: ox-LDL up-regulates TLR2 and TLR4 expressions and promotes the production of ROX, NO, TNF-α and IL-10 in macrophages. GW1929 is capable of inhibiting the above ox-LDL effects.     

Inhibition of calcineurin is involved in cardioprotection induced by ischemic postconditioning in rats

AIM: To demonstrate the mechanisms underlying cardioprotection induced by ischemic postconditioning (I-postC) via studying the alteration of calreticulin (CRT)/calcineurin (CaN) signaling pathway in rat heart subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).METHODS: The model of myocardial I/R injury in vivo was made by occluding the left anterior descending artery for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion in Wistar rats.Hemodynamics and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in plasma were measured.Myocardial infarct size was measured by 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using in situ TDT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).The activity of CaN,the expressions of CaN and CRT in myocardium were detected by enzyme reaction phosphorus measurement and Western blotting analysis,respectively.RESULTS: Cyclosporin A,the inhibitor of CaN,limited significantly myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by I/R,but had no significant effect on cardiac function.I-postC ameliorated significantly the cardiac dysfunction induced by I/R.Compared with those in I/R group,the myocardial infarct size,the LDH and CK-MB activities in plasma and the cardiomyocyte apoptotic index were significantly reduced in I-postC group.In addition,I/R-induced upregulation of CaN activity,CaN and CRT expression were relieved by I-postC.No significant difference was found between I-postC and ischemic preconditioning groups.I-postC had stronger protective effect on the reperfused heart compared with cyclosporin A.CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that I-postC protects myocardium against I/R injury,at least in part,via inhibiting the CRT/CaN signaling pathway.     

硅藻土基质配方对盆栽观赏辣椒生长的影响

研究了五彩椒在硅藻土、草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩4种组分按不同比例配成的5种混合基质下的生长差异,试验采用了一种自制的自动连续精确控水盆栽装置,并为所有处理设置了相同的供水吸力,用于分析5种不同基质的吸水能力.结果表明:硅藻土是一种优良的基质添加成分,其吸水、保水性能均优于蛭石和珍珠岩;试验同时得出:50%草炭+25%蛭石+25%硅藻土、40%草炭+20%蛭石+20%珍珠岩+20%硅藻土2种基质配方比其它基质配方更理想,相对于其它3种基质配方,这2种配方基质理化性质更好,吸水、保水、保肥能力都强于其它基质量配方,栽培下的五彩椒生理指标和形态指标更优,值得进一步研究与推广.     

Changes of BMP signaling pathway in mammary glands of mice with mammary hyperplasia

AIM: To determine the expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling components in the mammary glands with hyperplasia (MGH) and the activation of this signaling pathway. METHODS: The female C57BL/C mice (8-weeks-old) were randomly divided into control group and hormone group with 15 mice in each group. The mice in control group were treated with PBS, while the mice in hormone group were intragastric administration with estradiol valerate (2.5 mg/kg) for 25 d, followed by progesterone (4 mg/kg) peritoneal injection for 5 d. At the end of treatments, the mammary glands were collected to determine the morphological changes, the mRNA expression of BMP signaling components and the phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/9. RESULTS: In MGH, a part of BMP signaling pathway molecules were differentially expressed (P<0.05), including BMP ligands BMP2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13 and 14, BMP receptor BMPR1A, and antagonists Chrdl1 and Twsg, whereas the expression levels of some molecules, such as BMP3, BMP12, BMPR1B, BMPR2, Chrd, Chrdl2 and Noggin, were not altered. The phosphorylation levels of Smad1/5/9 was up-regulated in MGH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: BMP signaling pathway is activated in MGH through the abnormal expression of its components. BMP signaling pathway may be a new target for MGH therapy.     

‘槟榔芋’和‘香沙芋’母芋与子芋淀粉形态和理化性质的比较

以魁芋类的‘槟榔芋’和多子芋类的‘香沙芋’为材料,运用扫描电镜、X–射线衍射和快速黏度分析等技术比较研究了两个芋品种的母芋和子芋中淀粉的理化性质的差异。结果表明:‘槟榔芋’母芋淀粉的平均粒径大于子芋,‘香沙芋’相反。两种芋的母芋表观直链淀粉含量和淀粉颗粒外部有序度均高于其子芋。在加热过程中,两种芋的母芋和子芋淀粉的膨胀势在75℃后产生显著变化,在95℃时母芋淀粉的膨胀势大于子芋。和子芋淀粉相比,‘槟榔芋’母芋淀粉具有较高的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值,而‘香沙芋’相反。两种芋的母芋淀粉的最终水解程度均大于其子芋。以上结果表明,两个芋品种的母芋和子芋淀粉的形态、组成和理化性质方面均存在明显差异,这将为芋淀粉在食品和非食品行业中的应用提供参考依据。     

Multi‐level mixed models for evaluating factors affecting the mortality and weaning weight of piglets in large‐scale commercial farms in central China

This study investigated the factors affecting piglet mortality (square root of mortality, SQRM) and average weaning weight (AWW) in commercial farms in central China. Information on sow diets, management and climate from 2478 weaning batches completed in 16 pig farms was collected from 2009 to 2013. Multi‐level mixed models, which included batch level (level 1) and farm level (level 2), were used to analyze the factors associated with SQRM and AWW. The mean values of SQRM and AWW were 2.52% (SD = 0.96) and 7.31 (SD = 0.77), respectively. Lactation sow diets supplemented with oregano essential oils (OEOs) decreased the SQRM (P < 0.05) and increased the AWW of piglets (P < 0.01). The SQRM was lower in period 2 (June to September, hot) than in period 1 (February to May, warm) and period 3 (October to January, cold; P < 0.05 and 0.001, respectively). The AWW was lower in periods 2 and 3 than in period 1 (P < 0.01). In conclusion, supplying OEOs to lactation diets can increase the weaning weight and reduce the mortality of piglets. The sources of variations in SQRM and AWW are of greater concern in the warm season than in the hot season.