北疆玉米大田机械粒收质量调查

北疆是我国玉米机械粒收率最高的区域,为了解北疆玉米大田粒收质量现状,2012-2017年在新疆奇台总场、伊犁新源71团、伊宁县和温泉县等地农户田块调查了机械粒收质量,共获得269组样本,结果表明：（1）子粒破碎率均值为6.38%,高于5%的国家标准[玉米收获机械技术条件（GB/T 21961-2008）]要求;杂质率和产量损失率均值分别为0.41%和0.96%,分别低于3%和5%的国家标准要求,子粒破碎率高是当前北疆玉米大田机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。（2）收获玉米子粒含水率均值为23.3%,其与破碎率呈显著相关,可用二次函数y=0.0263x ²-1.0433x+15.867（R ²=0.108,n=269）拟合。（3）在子粒含水率相同条件下,不同品种之间子粒破碎率表现出明显差异,其中,新引M751子粒破碎率明显低于KWS2564,而KX3564介于两者之间。（4）筛选早熟、脱水快、耐破碎品种,实施玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产,可以有效改善机械粒收质量,实现玉米高产高效协同。     

苜蓿菌根对土壤中阿特拉津降解及酶活性影响

为进一步揭示丛枝菌根(AM)对土壤中阿特拉津的降解机理,建立了新型T型培养体系,并以阿特拉津敏感植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)形成的共生体系为研究对象,分别测定了苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津的降解效率及其根际土壤酶活性。当阿特拉津胁迫浓度为 20 mg/kg时,苜蓿菌根侵染率在25天时高达85.70%,阿特拉津降解率为70.22%,其中菌根贡献度为77.28%,表明苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津具有较强的降解能力。与此同时,添加阿特拉津能够提高菌根根际土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性。在接种G. mosseae和添加阿特拉津的双重作用下,4种土壤酶活性进一步增强。总之,本研究结果为应用AM真菌修复农药污染土壤提供了理论依据。     

植物Dof转录因子的结构特点及功能研究进展

Dof(DNA binding with one finger)蛋白是植物中特有的转录因子,其N-末端具含保守锌指结构的Dof结构域,能够识别AAAG序列;Dof转录因子能够发挥多种功能,主要是由于其具有多变的C-末端,它是Dof蛋白的特异转录调控结构域。在植物中,Dof转录因子的功能主要与维管发育、叶片极性、保卫细胞特异基因的调控、碳氮代谢、种子发育和萌发、光响应及光周期调控的开花和花粉发育、次生代谢物合成、防御反应、生长素响应等生理过程有关。将这些进程归纳为组织分化、种子发育和代谢调节三个方面,通过对植物Dof转录因子的结构特点及功能进行分析,为Dof转录因子的深入研究提供参考。     

烟-稻复种连作对红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

红壤性水稻土面临土壤结构退化、土壤养分失衡和酸化等土壤质量问题,制约农业生产和农民增收。本文以南方红壤丘陵区植烟的红壤性水稻土为对象,采用时空替代法、相关及冗余分析等技术方法,研究了烟-稻复种连作(YDLZ)对红壤性水稻土团聚体及其稳定性变化的影响及其关键影响因素。YDLZ后的红壤性水稻土>5 mm团聚体含量、土壤团聚体重量平均直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著降低,<0.25 mm团聚体含量和分形维数(D)则显著升高,土壤团聚体稳定性降低;且以YDLZ 5～10年(YDLZ5～10)对土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性影响最大。相关及冗余分析表明,土壤有机质和粘粒含量是引起团聚体分布的关键指标;>5 mm和<0.25 mm的团聚体含量是引起团聚体稳定性变化的关键指标。烟-稻复种连作引起红壤性水稻土有机质和粘粒含量变化,主要导致>5 mm团聚体含量的减少,<0.25 mm团聚体含量增加,从而土壤团聚体稳定性降低。针对YDLZ的红壤性水稻土结构培育和土壤质量保育,需关注土壤有机质及粘粒含量的变化。     

Microbiological analysis of cadmium-contaminated sediments during biostabilization with indigenous sulfate-reducing bacteria

Purpose

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have received particular attention in the bioremediation of sediments contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, indigenous SRB were used to stabilize Cd in sediments spiked with different Cd concentrations (≤ 600 mg kg^?1).

Materials and methods

The study investigated the Cd leaching efficiency from sediments after 166 days (d) of biotreatment and assessed the bacterial community and bacteria relationship in sediments during SRB biostabilization.

Results and discussion

The study found that the Cd leaching efficiency of sediments was reduced by 18.1–40.3% (29.4 ± 8.7%) after 166 days of biotreatment. During the biostabilization, the bacterial community in sediments significantly changed, particularly after 61 days of biotreatment. At the family level, the identified dominant bacteria (mean abundance > 3%) included Bacillaceae, norank Nitrospira, Anaerolineaceae, Nitrospinaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Hydrogenophilaceae. The study also speculated the complex relationships between these bacteria. The relative abundance of Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae in sediments was enhanced after biotreatment. Bacillaceae and Streptococcaceae may play a negative role in Cd biostabilization and inhibited SRB biological activity. However, Anaerolineaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae may have commensalism and mutualism relationships, respectively, with typical SRB. The presence of Nitrospinacea and norank Nitrospira may reduce the inhibitive effect of denitrifying bacteria on SRB, thereby exhibiting a positive effect on biologic sulfate reduction and Cd biostabilization.

Conclusions

Indigenous SRB treatment increased Cd stability in sediments and changed bacterial community. During SRB biostabilization, complex relationships between bacteria in sediments were speculated, including competition, syntrophism, and antagonism. These results provide insights for better regulating and controlling SRB biostabilization.

     

Effect of land use types on decomposition of 14C-labelled maize residue (Zea mays L.)

The effect of three land use types on decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled maize (Zea mays L.) residues and soil organic matter were investigated under laboratory conditions. Samples of three Dystric Cambisols under plow tillage (PT), reduced tillage (RT) and grassland (GL) collected from the upper 5 cm of the soil profile were incubated for 159 days at 20 °C with or without ¹⁴C-labelled maize residue. After 7 days cumulative CO₂ production was highest in GL and lowest in PT, reflecting differences in soil organic C (SOC) concentration among the three land use types and indicating that mineralized C is a sensitive indicator of the effects of land use regime on SOC. ¹⁴CO₂ efflux from maize residue decomposition was higher in GL than in PT, possibly due to higher SOC and microbial biomass C (MBC) in GL than in PT. ¹⁴CO₂ efflux dynamics from RT soil were different from those of PT and GL. RT had the lowest ¹⁴CO₂ efflux from days 2 to 14 and the highest from days 28 to 159. The lowest MBC in RT explained the delayed decomposition of residues at the beginning. A double exponential model gave a good fit to the mineralization of SOC and residue-¹⁴C (R² > 0.99) and allowed estimation of decomposition rates as dependent on land use. Land use affected the decomposition of labile fractions of SOC and of maize residue, but had no effect on the decomposition of recalcitrant fractions. We conclude that land use affected the decomposition dynamics within the first 1.5 months mainly because of differences in soil microbial biomass but had low effect on cumulative decomposition of maize residues within 5 months.     

现行工程建设招标决策中存在的问题及改进方法探讨

通过分析现行工程建设招标决策中存在的问题,对评标指标体系和评标模型作了适当的改进,从而为业主制定招标和评标决策提供了一套科学的、切实可行的操作方法。     

Sexual dimorphism,survival and dispersal in red deer

A detailed and extensive mark-recapture-recovery study of red deer on the island of Rum forms the basis of the modeling of this article. We analyze male and female deer separately, and report results for both in this article, but use the female data to demonstrate our modeling approach. We provide a model-selection procedure that allows us to describe the survival by a combination of age-classes, with common survival within each class, and senility, which is modeled continuously as a parametric function of age. Dispersal out of the study area is modeled separately. Survival and dispersal probabilities are examined for the possible influence of both environmental and individual covariates, including a range of alternative measures of population density. The resulting model is succinct and biologically realistic. We compare and contrast survival rates of male and female deer of different ages and compare the factors that affect their survival. We demonstrate large differences in the rate of senescence between males and females even though their senescence begins at the same age. The differences between the sexes suggest that, in population modeling of sexually size-dimorphic species, it is important to identify sex-specific survival functions.     

探地雷达功率谱模型在砂壤含水率和紧实度探测中的应用

为了快速、高效地探测中国西部地区土地整治后砂壤的物理特性,该研究使用探地雷达对砂壤进行探测,利用自回归移动平均(auto regressive and moving average,ARMA)功率谱估计方法处理数据,建立砂壤物理模型,分析对比不同含水率和紧实度砂壤的功率谱分布特征,分别建立与含水率和紧实度具有最优拟合度的关系模型。结果表明:在频率670 MHz时,低频功率谱能量占全部功率谱能量比值(L/(H+L))与砂壤含水率相关性最强,相关系数达0.952;频率为1 000 MHz时,高频功率谱能量占全部功率谱能量比值(H/(H+L))与紧实度倒数的相关性最强,相关系数达到0.947。通过实际探测验证,该模型可以获得连续、准确、高效的砂壤含水率和紧实度数据,为土地整治工程的质量检测提供技术支持。