Predatory activity of the nematophagous fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Duddingtonia flagrans</Emphasis> on horse cyathostomin infective larvae

This work was performed to determine the predatory capacity in vitro of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (isolate AC001) on cyathostomin infective larvae of horse (L₃). The experimental assay was carried out on plates with 2% water-agar (2% WA). In the treated group, each plate contained 1.000 L₃ and 1.000 conidia of the fungus. The control group without fungus only contained 1.000 L₃ in the plates. Ten random fields (4 mm diameter) were examined per plate of treated and control groups, every 24 h for seven days under an optical microscope (10× and 40× objective lens) for non-predated L₃ counts. After 7 days, the non-predated L₃ were recovered from the Petri dishes using the Baermann method. The interaction there was a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of 93.64% in the cyathostomin L₃ recovered. The results showed that the D. flagrans is a potential candidate to the biological control of horse cyathostomin L₃.     

Predatory activity of Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus on Toxocara (syn. Neoascaris) vitulorum eggs

Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of young ruminants, responsible for high mortality rates in parasitized cattle and buffalo calves. The objective of this work was to compare the predatory capacity under laboratory conditions of four fungal isolates of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) on T. vitulorum eggs in 2% water-agar (2% WA). T. vitulorum eggs were plated on 2% WA Petri dishes which contained cultured fungal isolates and control plates without fungi. After 10 and 15 days one hundred eggs were removed and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, biochemical and physiological effect without morphological damage to the eggshell, type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of the eggshell and embryo and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of eggshell and embryo in addition to hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. The fungal isolates were effective in the destruction of T. vitulorum eggs presenting the type 3 effect at 10 and 15 days after contact with the fungus. No nematophagous fungi were observed in the control group during the experiment. There was no variation in the predatory capacity of the fungal isolates (P?>?0.01) at the intervals of 10 and 15 days. These results indicate that P. chlamydosporia (VC1, VC4, VC5 and VC12) negatively influenced the development of T. vitulorum eggs and can be considered a potential candidate for the biological control of nematodes.     

Understanding fishing‐induced extinctions in the Amazon

相似文献   

Reverse transcription-duplex-polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Citrus tristeza virus and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ from citrus plants

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Tristeza and Huanglongbing are the most important diseases of citrus caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’...     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth,digestive enzyme and blood metabolites of juvenile Brazilian sardines,Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879)

The limited availability of live bait for capturing skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, is a bottleneck to increasing tuna production in many parts of the world. Therefore, a nutrition trial was performed to contribute to the production of the Brazilian sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis, for use as live bait. This study determined the best dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio (CHO:L) for juvenile Brazilian sardines based on growth performance, feed utilisation, body composition, blood metabolites and digestive enzyme activity. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with increased CHO:L ratios (2.05, 3.41, 4.15, 5.11, 5.80 and 6.72). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 100 fish with mean initial body weight of 2.97 ± 0.51 g, which were fed four times a day to apparent satiation. Survival was not affected by differences in diet, however, a low CHO:L ratio stimulated growth. Juveniles fed with a rich‐carbohydrate diet inhibit feed intake and protein intake. Body lipid increased as dietary lipid increased and was inversely correlated to body moisture. The diets did not affect the juvenile's blood metabolites. Alkaline and acid protease activities were not significantly different, but lipase and amylase responded positively to the dietary lipids and carbohydrates. Using segmented regression, the optimum CHO:L ratio for maximum weight gain of juvenile Brazilian sardines was estimated to be 3.41, which contain approximately 300 g kg^?1 carbohydrate and 88 g kg^?1 lipid.     

Hemangiosarcoma in 11 young horses

Hemangiosarcoma is a rare neoplasm of horses and hemangiosarcoma in young horses might behave differently than in mature horses. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of hemangiosarcoma occurring in horses < or = 3 years of age. Medical records from 1982 to 2004 were searched for horses < or = 3 years of age with a histopathologic diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. Eleven records were identified. Thoroughbred and Thoroughbred crosses predominated. Age ranged from 9 days to 3 years. All horses presented with cutaneous or leg swellings or joint effusion. Physical examination findings included tachycardia, fever, and depression. Laboratory abnormalities included anemia (5/11), hyperfibrinogenemia (4/11), hypofibrinogenemia (3/11), thrombocytopenia (2/11), and neutrophilic leukocytosis (1/11). Ultrasonographic and radiographic evaluation was not diagnostic in any case. Antemortem histopathologic diagnosis was obtained in 10 cases. Six of 11 horses were euthanized. Surgical resection was performed in 5 horses, 2 of which were later euthanized. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically at postmortem examination in all euthanized horses. Two cases resolved spontaneously. Early histopathologic diagnosis may allow cure if the mass is localized and amenable to surgical resection. In cases where the horse is medically stable, and masses are not interfering with quality of life, a period of observation may be warranted.     

Neuromuscular blocking properties of atracurium during sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the neuromuscular blockade (NMB) produced by atracurium in either sevoflurane or propofol-anaesthetized dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve healthy, female adult mixed-breed dogs weighing 13 +/- 3 kg (range 10-22 kg). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three doses of atracurium (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg kg(-1)) were tested at 1-week intervals. Anaesthesia was induced with inhaled sevoflurane or intravenous propofol and maintained with end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations of 1.95% (1.25 x MAC) or propofol 0.6 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) respectively. Acceleromyography and train-of-four stimulation of the fibular nerve were used for the assessment of NMB. The percentage depression of the first twitch (T1) and the fourth to the first twitch ratio (T4/T1), the maximum degree of neuromuscular block achieved and surgical muscle relaxation were recorded. Before and during neuro muscular blockade (at 10 minute intervals) body temperature, ECG, arterial blood pressure, inspired and expired CO2 concentrations and SpO2 were recorded. RESULTS: Atracurium produced a dose-dependent duration of NMB in both propofol and sevoflurane-anaesthetized dogs. Duration of block was longer in dogs anaesthetized with sevoflurane. All studied doses of atracurium caused twitch depression > or =95% with little or no cardiovascular changes. CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane produces a clinically relevant potentiation of atracurium-induced NMB in dogs compared with propofol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Significant differences in the potentiation of NMB drugs are encountered with commonly used anaesthetics in the dog.     

Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses

CASE DESCRIPTION: 5 horses were evaluated because of decreased appetite, weight loss, fever, cough, tachypnea, and respiratory distress. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Tachycardia, tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, lethargy, fever, poor body condition, and nasal discharge were detected in various combinations on initial physical examination. Evaluation of the lower portion of the respiratory tract via radiography and ultrasonography revealed a severe nodular interstitial pattern. Histologic examination of lung tissue revealed interstitial expansion of alveolar parenchyma with collagen, intraluminal accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages within the alveoli, and occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies within alveolar macrophages. Equine herpesvirus type 5 was detected in samples of lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or both via polymerase chain reaction assay in all cases. A diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) was established. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Horses were provided supportive treatment and were administered a variety of medications including corticosteroids and acyclovir. Two horses survived and returned to their previous level of activity. Three horses were euthanized because of either deterioration of clinical condition (n=2) or failure to improve within 4 weeks of initiation of treatment (1). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: EMPF should be considered as a differential diagnosis for adult horses with interstitial pneumonia and should be suspected on the basis of characteristic radiographic, ultrasonographic, and histopathologic findings. Equine herpesvirus type 5 is found in association with EMPF; although the exact pathogenic role this virus plays in EMPF is unknown, equine herpesvirus type 5 may be an etiologic agent or cofactor in the development of EMPF.     

Bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in sport horses: 17 cases (2001–2003)

Seventeen racehorses were referred with a history of poor performance, recurrent fever, coughing and/or nasal discharge. All patients underwent a thorough diagnostic procedure, including physical examination, complete blood count, plasma fibrinogen estimation, arterial blood gas analysis, thoracic radiology and ultrasonography, endoscopy, tracheal aspiration with cytological and cultural evaluation, including sensitivity test. According to these procedures, bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in 14 horses and bacterial pleuropneumonia in 3 horses. Streptococcus spp. were isolated in 11 cases (61.2%), Rhodococcus equi in 3 cases (16.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae in 3 cases (16.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one case (5.6%).