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61.
Ana Isabel Moreno-Calles Alejandro Casas Eduardo García-Frapolli Ignacio Torres-García 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,84(2):207-226
Agroforestry systems (AFS) derived from the cactus forest “chichipera” and cultivated with “milpa”, the traditional multi-crop
system of maize-beans-squash were studied in the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico. Plant management types practiced by people, role
of agricultural and forest resources in households’ subsistence, and consequences of changes in AFS were investigated through
ethnobotanical, ecological, and economic approaches. People maintain in this AFS 122 plant species that provide useful products
for 14 different purposes. Nearly 90% of useful plants are native to the region, representing 54% of all plant species recorded
in the chichipera forest. Management strategies were identified occurring on 63 species at landscape, parcel, and individual
plant levels. About 67% of managed plant species are left standing during clearance of vegetation; 35% are transplanted to
the parcels’ surrounding area, 32% receive particular protection, and 10 species from other areas are cultivated inside the
fields. During years of higher rainfall (~745 mm) AFS supply nearly 75% of the maize grain and 50% of the maize straw used
as fodder by households. AFS with intermediate vegetation cover have higher economic value than monocultures and forest. However,
plots with low forest cover and monocultures are progressively more common as consequence of socio-cultural processes. Local
traditional ecological knowledge and management techniques are crucial for managing resilience of these AFS. 相似文献
62.
Wibke Himmelsbach Eduardo J. Treviño-Garza Humberto González-Rodríguez Marco A. González-Tagle Marco V. Gómez Meza Oscar A. Aguirre Calderón A. Eduardo Estrada Castillón Ralph Mitlöhner 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(2):355-367
Water availability and salt excess are limiting factors in Mexican mixed pine-oak forest. In order to characterise the acclimatation
of native species to these stresses, leaf water (Ψw) and osmotic potentials (Ψs) of Juniperus flaccida, Pinus pseudostrobus and Quercus canbyi were measured under natural drought and non-drought conditions under two different aspects in the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Factorial ANOVA revealed significant differences in Ψw and Ψs between two aspects, species and sampling dates. In general, all species showed high predawn and low midday values that declined
progressively with increasing drought and soil–water loss. Seasonal and diurnal fluctuation of Ψw and Ψs were higher for J. flaccida and Q. canbyi than for P. pseudostrobus. Leaf Ψw and Ψs were mainly correlated with soil water content, while Ψs of P. pseudostrobus were hardly correlated with environmental variables. Thus, species have different strategies to withstand drought.
P. pseudostrobus was identified as a species with isohydric water status regulation, while J. flaccida and Q. canbyi presented water potential patterns typical for anisohydric species. The type of water status regulation may be a critical
factor for plant survival and mortality in the context of climate change. Nevertheless, for precise conclusions about the
advantages and disadvantages of each type, further long-term investigations are required. 相似文献
63.
Beatriz Rumeu Manuel Nogales Rui B. Elias David P. Padilla Tiago Resendes Airam Rodríguez Francisco Valdés Eduardo Dias 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(6):567-574
Phenology and female cone characteristics of the two endemic cedars (Juniperus cedrus and J. brevifolia) from the Macaronesian islands were studied. Despite their closely taxonomic affinity and their evolution under insular conditions,
different trends were recorded. Mature J. cedrus female cones were present throughout the year, while those from J. brevifolia were only present in summer and autumn. J. cedrus female cone size was significantly larger than that of J. brevifolia, a trend consistent with the presence of larger vertebrates (lizards and birds) in the Canary Islands. However, water content
was four times higher in J. brevifolia female cones, which can be related with the higher rainfall existing in the Azores. J. cedrus has two or three seeds per cone, whereas J. brevifolia frequently had three. Seeds from J. cedrus were clearly larger and heavier, coinciding with the female cone size trend. However, tetrazolium tests revealed higher viability
values in J. brevifolia. The relatively low percentage of filled seeds in J. cedrus could be a consequence of the climatic stress and limits to pollination due to fragmented populations as described for other
Juniperus species. In summary, our results reveal that some environmental factors such as the harsh conditions, high population fragmentation
and the dependence on large dispersers have compromised the fitness of J. cedrus in the Canary Islands. 相似文献
64.
The main challenges faced in the reclamation of severely degraded lands are in the management of the systems and finding plant species that will grow under the harsh conditions common in degraded soils. This is especially important in extremely adverse situations found in some substrates from mining activities or soils that have lost their upper horizons. Under these conditions, recolonization of the area by native vegetation through natural succession processes may be extremely limited. Once the main physical and chemical factors restrictive to plant growth are corrected or attenuated, the introduction of leguminous trees able to form symbioses with nodulating N?-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi constitutes an efficient strategy to accelerate soil reclamation and initiate natural succession. These symbioses give the legume species a superior capacity to grow quickly in poor substrates and to withstand the harsh conditions presented in degraded soils. In this article we describe several successful results in Brazil using N?-fixing legume tree species for reclamation of areas degraded by soil erosion, construction and mining activities, emphasizing the potential of the technique to recover soil organic matter levels and restore ecosystem biodiversity and other environmental functions. 相似文献
65.
Marcelo Luiz Laia Acelino Couto Alfenas Sergio Hermnio Brommonschenkel Shinitiro Oda Eduardo Jose de Melo Inae Marie de Arau jo Silva Janana Fernandes Goncalves Ariadne Marques 《林业研究》2015,(3)
Disease-resistant genes play an important role in defending against a variety of pathogens and insect pests in plants. Most of the disease-resistant genes encode pro-teins with conserved leucine rich r... 相似文献
66.
Helton Nonato de Souza Irene Maria Cardoso Eduardo de Sá Mendon?a An?r Fiorini Carvalho Gustavo Bediaga de Oliveira Davi Feital Gjorup Ver?nica Rocha Bonfim 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(2):247-262
Participatory research methods have helped scientists to understand how farmers experiment and to seek partnerships with farmers in developing technologies with enhanced relevance and adoption. This paper reports on the development of a participatory methodology to systematize long-term experimentation with agroforestry systems carried out in a hotspot of biodiversity by non-governmental organizations and local farmers. A methodological guide for systematization and techniques used for Participatory Rural Appraisal formed the basis of our work. We propose an analytical framework that recognizes systems of reflexive and learning interactions, in order to make the learned lessons explicit. At the process level, the main lessons and recommendations are as follows. It is important to establish partnerships to conduct innovative and complex experimentation with agroforest. Participatory systematization allows us to improve the methodological aspects of design, implementation and management of on-farm participatory experimentation. It also serves to synthesize the main findings and to extract lessons from agroforestry systems experiments. It fosters the technical improvement of agroforestry systems. It creates possibilities for reflection on agroforestry systems by farmers, extensionists and researchers, as well as their learning with respect to management of such systems. The findings are placed in the context of current theory on participatory experimentation in agriculture. Extractive and interactive approaches help to produce rich insights of mutual interest through collaboration by identifying local, regional and global convergences, complementarities, and conflicts of interest; which affect the advance of new eco-friendly technologies, to both improve the livelihoods and to reverse biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. 相似文献
67.
Eduardo P. Cappa Alvin D. Yanchuk Charlie V. Cartwright 《Annals of Forest Science》2012,69(5):627-640
Context
The gain in accuracy of breeding values with the use of single trial spatial analysis is well known in forestry. However, spatial analyses methodology for single forest genetic trials must be adapted for use with combined analyses of forest genetic trials across sites.Aims
This paper extends a methodology for spatial analysis of single forest genetic trial to a multi-environment trial (MET) setting.Methods
A two-stage spatial MET approach using an individual-tree model with additive and full-sib family genetic effects was developed. Dispersion parameters were estimated using Bayesian techniques via Gibbs sampling. The procedure is illustrated using height growth data at age 10 from eight large Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. second-generation full-sib progeny trials from two series established across seven sites in British Columbia (Canada) and on one in Washington (USA).Results
The proposed multi-environment spatial mixed model displayed a consistent reduction of the posterior mean and an increase in the precision of error variances $ \left( {\sigma _{e}^{2}} \right) $ than the model with ??sets in replicates?? or incomplete block alpha designs. Also, the multi-environment spatial model provided an average increase in the posterior means of the narrow- and broad-sense individual-tree heritabilities (h N 2 and h B 2 , respectively). No consistent changes were observed in the posterior means of additive genetic correlations (r Ajj??).Conclusion
Although computationally demanding, all dispersion parameters were successfully estimated from the proposed multi-environment spatial individual-tree model using Bayesian techniques via Gibbs sampling. The proposed two-stage spatial MET approach produced better results than the commonly used nonspatial MET analysis. 相似文献68.
Cynthia L. Cagnotti Mariana M. Viscarret María B. Riquelme Eduardo N. Botto Leonela Z. Carabajal Diego F. Segura Silvia N. López 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(4):413-421
Tuta absoluta is a key pest of tomato crops originating from South America. The consequences of X-radiation on this species were studied under laboratory controlled conditions. The effect of radiation on adult emergence was evaluated exposing male and female pupae to increasing X-rays. Adult emergence decreased as doses of X-radiation increased, with the appearance of deformities such as malformed wings and bent legs at doses ≥350?Gy. Besides, males and females obtained from irradiated pupae were out crossed with untreated counterparts to explore the effects of X-radiation on inherited sterility. (a) Irradiated male?×?untreated female crosses. Both fecundity and fertility of the untreated females were reduced by radiation, and the effect was stronger as the doses increased. Neither the longevity of parental males and F1 adults nor the sex ratios of the F1 and F2 generations were affected by X-radiation (F1 and F2: first and second generation of descendants of irradiated adults). Inherited sterility effects were manifested by a significant reduction in the F1 fecundity, F1 fertility, and the amount of larvae and pupae produced. Doses of 200–250?Gy could be used to induce inherited sterility in T. absoluta males. (b) Untreated male?×?irradiated female crosses. The minimum dose at which irradiated females were completely sterile was 200?Gy. The present study is the first study in T. absoluta that provides the starting point for implementing the inherited sterility in this species. 相似文献
69.
Bennett RN Rosa EA Mellon FA Kroon PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(11):4005-4015
As an influence of the Mediterranean diet, rocket species such as Eruca sativa L., Diplotaxis species, and Bunias orientalis L. are eaten all over the world at different ontogenic stages in salads and soups. They are all species within the plant order Capparales (glucosinolate-containing species), and all are from the family Brassicaceae. Predominantly, the leaves of these species are eaten raw or cooked, although Eruca flowers are also consumed. There is considerable potential with raw plant material for a higher exposure to bioactive phytochemicals such as glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products, and also phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamins such as vitamin C. These compounds are susceptible to ontogenic variation, and the few published studies that have addressed this topic have been inconsistent. Thus, an ontogenic study was performed and all samples were analyzed using a previously developed robust liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of the major phytochemicals in all tissues of the rocket species. Seeds and roots of both Eruca and Diplotaxis contained predominantly 4-methylthiobutylglucosinolate. Leaves of Eruca and Diplotaxis contained high amounts of 4-mercaptobutylglucosinolate with lower levels of 4-methylthiobutlyglucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinylbutylglucosinolate. Flowers of Eruca and Diplotaxiscontained predominantly 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-glucosinolate. In addition, roots of both Diplotaxisspecies contained 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate but 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate was absent from roots of Eruca. Seeds and seedlings of all Eruca contained N-heterocyclic compounds but no sinapine, whereas Diplotaxis contained sinapine but not the N-heterocycles. In all tissues of B. orientalis, 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate and 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenylglucosinolate were predominant. All rocket tissues, except roots, contained significant levels of polyglycosylated flavonoids, with/without hydroxycinnamoyl acylation. The core aglycones were kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. The exception was B. orientalis, which had a negligible seed flavonoid content as compared with the other species. Anthocyanins were only detected in Eruca flowers and consisted of a complex pattern of at least 16 different anthocyanins. 相似文献
70.
Elena Bernalte Carmen Marín Sánchez Eduardo Pinilla Gil Francisco Cereceda Balic Víctor Vidal Cortez 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):5143-5154
A set of 72?PM10 samples from low-polluted urban and rural locations belonging to the regional air monitoring network of Extremadura (Spain) were collected in a 1?year sampling period. Sample pre-treatment and analytical determination by gas chromatography?Cion trap mass spectrometry were optimised and validated for the analysis of the priority 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The influence of meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation) and other atmospheric pollutants (O3, NO2, SO2, PM10) has been covered in detail and Pearson correlation test were used for this purpose. Spatial distribution of particulate PAHs was evaluated and the comparison with other European sites was also established. Possible emission sources were identified and assigned by using molecular diagnostic criteria. 相似文献