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981.
W. Wolters Nadi Selim Ghobrial H. M. Van Leeuwen M. G. Bos 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1989,3(2):103-123
A study of the water balances of The Fayoum irrigated lands and Lake Qarun was made to investigate the management of the irrigation
system and the efficiency of irrigation water use. The two water balances are strongly interrelated. The drainage flow to
Lake Qarun and the water level of the Lake are in delicate balance. A rise in Lake level causes the inundation of adjacent
land. Management of The Fayoum water balance assumes control over irrigation water flows, but this control has technical and
organizational limitations.
Also discussed is the influence of irrigation practices in The Fayoum on the water balance (e.g., the autumn flushing of fields
and farmers' preference for not irrigating at night in winter).
Notwithstanding a high overall efficiency, irrigation efficiency during the winter is low. The reasons for this are given,
together with the constraints against improving system management.
Improved uniformity of the division and application of irrigation water will enable a better technical control of flows and
will result in better water management in The Fayoum.
Abbreviations: FID — Fayoum Irrigation Department, 1 feddan (fe) — 0.4 ha, 1 mcm — 1 million cubic metres: an average annual flow of 3.17
m3/s gives 100 mcm, m3/fe.year — supplied volume (m3) per surface area (fe) per year: 1000 m3/fe.year equals 240 mm/year, MSL — Mean Sea Level 相似文献
982.
Günther Garbrecht 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1988,2(2):185-198
The kingdom of Urartu existed in Eastern Anatolia from about 850 B.C. to 600 B.C. Historical references and archaeological evidence indicate the considerable artistic and technical skill of the Urartian people. The supply of the kingdoms capital Tupa/Rusahinili with drinking and irrigation water is an outstanding example of a well-planned and excellently built historical inter-basin water management project. The system has been in operation for more than 2000 years and still serves, at least partly, its original purpose. 相似文献
983.
G. S. Campbell 《Irrigation Science》1988,9(4):265-273
Summary Soil water potential is measured either by measuring some property of the soil which changes with the water potential, or by equilibrating the liquid or gas phase of the water in some reference medium with the liquid phase of the soil and measuring some property of the water in the reference medium. Devices commonly used to measure soil water potential are tensiometers, thermocouple psychrometers, electrical resistance sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, and correlations with water contents of the soil or of filter paper which has been equilibrated with the soil. The principles governing the operation of each of these devices will be discussed. 相似文献
984.
A computer program based on empirical relationships is described. It predicts daily energy and nitrogen utilisation repetitively for sheep of any age, before, during and after weaning; provision is also made for pregnancy, lactation and cold stress. Input information includes: intake, protein content and digestibility of the diet; age, empty body weight, fat content and feeding activity of the sheep; ambient temperature and wind speed; times of shearing and mating.Metabolisable energy from milk and/or dry feed is estimated and energy requirements for maintenance, including the cost of feeding activities and homeostasis in the cold, are deducted to obtain energy balance. The amount of amino acid nitrogen absorbed from the small intestine is estimated, and nitrogen balance in body tissues and wool is calculated from this, allowing for body weight and net energy intake. Potential wool growth is calculated from nitrogen and energy intakes, and potential conceptus growth or milk production is estimated primarily from stage of pregnancy or lactation. The use of nitrogen and energy for these products is assessed and balances of energy and nitrogen in body tissues are then obtained by difference. If achievement of the potential rates of production in pregnant or lactating animals would cause excessive loss of energy or nitrogen from body tissues, production of wool and conceptus or milk is reduced sufficiently to avoid this problem. Gain or loss of body fat and protein, and hence change of empty live weight, are finally derived and the animal parameters are incremented before proceeding to calculation for the next day.Evidence is presented that the model is stable in predicting lifetime performance, and that predictions of growth curves, body composition and various nutritional parameters are reasonably accurate in a variety of circumstances. 相似文献
985.
986.
987.
The quality of service provided by the provincial Irrigation Department (DGI) to the Water Users Associations (UA), and subsequently by the UA's to the related water users, is based on the provincial water law. The intended volume of water being delivered per considered period further depends on the water availability and on the (crop irrigation) water requirements. The Service Level (SL) compares the intended water supply with the water supply that would be required to supply the entire irrigable area with sufficient water. As soon as the intended water delivery pattern is set, the measured actual delivery can be assessed against the intention. Several performance indicators are used in this context. Based on the assessment of the Water Delivery Performance Ratio and the Overall Consumed Ratio recommendations are made on changes which can be made to improve water use and reduce problems of waterlogging. 相似文献
988.
This paper reports on laboratory research on the sediment passagecapability through long-throated flumes and broad-crested weirs withwhich the Froude number in the approach channel does not exceed 0.6over a distance of about 20 times the water depth upstream of thestructure. Design rules are given for any combination of flume or weirin combination with any channel. 相似文献
989.
Hans G.P. Jansen Angel Rodriguez Amy Damon John Pender Jacqueline Chenier Rob Schipper 《Agricultural Systems》2006
Based on the results of participatory diagnostic surveys conducted in 95 rural communities in the hillsides of Honduras, we determine income earning strategies at the community level; identify their main determinants; and analyze the adoption of of conservation practices. Eight income-earning strategies were distinguished that reflect differences in comparative advantage between communities. We explain the choice of income earning strategy using a multinomial logit model that includes biophysical, economic, social and institutional variables. We use a probit model to show that adoption of conservation practices is determined by the type of income earning strategy, population density, market access, and organizational variables. 相似文献
990.
Reclamation of saline organic soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Reclamation of saline, organic soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California was accomplished by both sprinkling and continuously ponding water on the soil surface. The reclamation data support the generalized guideline established for saline, organic soil.A 70% reduction in the average root zone salinity required 3 months under ponding, compared to 4 months under sprinkling. Although accurate measures of water application on the ponded trials were not possible, the limited data indicate that the amount of water required is about the same per unit depth of soil reclaimed for both ponding and sprinkling. Reclamation proceeded more quickly under the second ponding trial than for sprinkling or the first ponding trial because of improved subsurface drainage. With sprinklers, 70% of the salt was removed from the soil profile to a depth of 1.2 m after 850 mm of leaching water entered the profile. Reclamation by ponding required about the same quantity of water but the water required for leaching could be reduced significantly by improved drainage. 相似文献