Malnutrition and high childhood mortality among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the objectives of identifying demographic factors responsible for the decline in their population and assessing their nutritional status, which is an important determinant of child survival. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The study included estimation of indices of fertility and child mortality, and assessment of nutritional status. All individuals of the Onge community settled on Little Andaman Island were included. RESULTS: The mean total marital fertility rate was estimated to be 5.15 live births per woman and the general fertility rate was 200 live births per 1000 married-woman-years. Although the gross reproduction rate was estimated to be 2.2 female children per married woman, the net reproduction rate was only 0.9 surviving female child per married woman. The mean infant mortality rate during the past 30 years was 192.7 per 1000 live births, and the child survival rate was found to be only 53.2%. A mild to moderate degree of malnutrition was found in 85% of children of pre-school age and severe malnutrition in 10%. The Onges had low intakes of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. All the screened Onges were found to be infested with one or more intestinal parasites. CONCLUSIONS: High childhood mortality appears to be the predominant demographic factor responsible for the decline in the Onge population. The high prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency disorders could be important factors contributing to the high childhood mortality.     

福建省2011—2020年乡村振兴战略推进绩效综合评估

[目的]从产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕等5个维度构建乡村振兴绩效评估指标体系,为乡村振兴绩效评估提供科学参考。[方法]引入全排列多边形图示指标模型,对福建省2011—2020年的乡村振兴战略推进绩效水平进行综合评估。[结果]福建省“十二五”期间的产业兴旺指数总体优于“十三五”期间(p<0.05),与之相反,“十二五”期间的乡风文明指数总体小于“十三五”期间(p>0.05)。“十三五”期间的生态宜居、治理有效、生活富裕等指数均处于较高水平,其绩效水平均优于“十二五”期间(p<0.01)。2011—2020年福建省乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数分别为0.001～1.458,总体上呈“上升—下降—上升”的N形变化趋势。2011—2015年的乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数总体小于2016—2020年(p<0.05)。[结论]研究期内,福建省乡村振兴推进绩效水平优劣顺序为：2020,2019,2018,2015,2016,2017,2014,2013,2012,2011年。2018—2020年福建省乡村振兴绩效综合评估指数相对较高。在乡村振兴战略推动过程中,应结合...     

Chemical compositions, antioxidant capacities, and antiproliferative activities of selected fruit seed flours

Seed flours from black raspberry, red raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, pinot noir grape, and chardonnay grape were examined for their total fat content, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), radical scavenging capacities against the peroxyl (ORAC) and stable DPPH radicals, chelating capacity against Fe(2+), and antiproliferative activities using the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Significant levels of fat were detected in the fruit seed flours and their fatty acid profiles may differ from those of the respective seed oils. Cranberry seed flour had the highest level of alpha-linolenic acid (30.9 g/100 g fat) and the lowest ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (1.2/1). The ORAC value of the chardonnay seed flour was 1076.4 Trolox equivalents mumol/g flour, and its TPC was 186.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g flour. These values were 3-12 times higher than the other tested fruit seed flours. Furthermore, the ORAC value was significantly correlated to the TPC under the experimental conditions (P < 0.05). These fruit seed flours also differed in their TAC values and Fe(2+)-chelating capacities. In addition, black raspberry, cranberry, and chardonnay grape seed flour extracts were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects using HT-29 colon cancer cells. All three tested seed flour extracts significant inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation. The data from this study suggest the potential of developing the value-added use of these fruit seed flours as dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for optimal human health.     

江西省宁都县2011年6月中旬暴雨天气过程分析

2011年6月12～15日江西宁都县受高空低槽等影响,出现了大到暴雨天气过程,通过环流形势及物理量分析得出,高空低槽、切变线、低空急流等是此次强降水过程的主要影响系统。     

四川冬小麦产量构成因子初步分析

小麦的产量构成因子包括有效穗、千粒重、穗粒数,三者的相对重要性是学者们探讨的热点问题。利用2008～2009年与2009～2010年的小麦区试结果,采用成组数据均值差异性分析法、相关分析法和灰色关联度分析法3种方法对产量构成要素进行初步分析。结果表明,有效穗与实际产量呈极显著正相关,是影响实际产量的最重要因素,其微小的变化可引起实际产量的显著提高。但从高产育种角度看,应在优先考虑有效穗增加的基础上,兼顾千粒重和穗粒数的提高。     

Genetic analysis of sodium content and Na/K ratio in relation to salinity tolerance in pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

Genetic analysis of sodium and sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratios in leaf and stem was carried out through diallel analysis involving two tolerant, one moderately tolerant, and two sensitive genotypes as parents. Three-week-old seedlings were subjected to a critical level of salinization (17 decisiemens per meter of electrical conductivity). Leaf and stem sampling (from 5 parents and 20 hybrids arranged in a randomized block design with three replications of 10 each) was done 30 days after salinization when susceptible parents were severely effected. Predominance of non-additive gene action for stem sodium and dominance component for leaf Na/K were noticed while both additive and non-additive components played a significant role for stem Na/K. A single group of genes seems to be operative for these characters. Hybrids produced by crossing the two sensitive parents were tolerant suggesting genetic complementation and involvement of different loci in the two parents for salinity tolerance. The overall dominant nature of tolerance and the additive gene action for these salinity related characters suggested the possibility of breeding pearl millet lines through hybridization and selection to pyramid the favorable genes.     

Fine mapping of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rf3</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rf4</Emphasis> fertility restorer loci of WA-CMS of rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) and validation of the developed marker system for identification of restorer lines

The Wild Abortive (WA) system is the major cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source for hybrid rice production in indica rice and its fertility restoration is reported to be controlled by two major loci viz. Rf3 on chromosome 1 and Rf4 on chromosome 10. With the availability of the rice genome sequence, an attempt was made to fine map, develop candidate gene based markers for Rf3 and Rf4 and validate the developed marker system in a set of known restorer lines. Using polymorphic markers developed from microsatellite markers and candidate gene based markers from Rf3 and Rf4 loci, local linkage maps were constructed in two mapping populations of ~1,500 F₂ progeny from KRH2 (IR58025A/KMR3R) and DRRH2 (IR68897A/DR714-1-2R) hybrids. QTLs and their interactions for fertility restoration in Rf3 and Rf4 loci were identified. The identified QTL in both mapping populations together explained 66–72 % of the phenotypic variance of the trait suggesting their utility in developing a marker system for identification of fertility restorers for WA-CMS. Sequence comparison of the two candidate genes from the Rf3 and Rf4 regions in male sterile (A) and restorer (R) lines showed 2–3 bp indels and a few substitutions in the Rf3 region and indels of 327 and 106 bp in the Rf4 region respectively. The marker system identified in the present study was validated in 212 restorers and 34 maintainers along with earlier reported markers for fertility restoration of WA-CMS. Together DRCG-RF4-14 and DRCG-RF4-8 for the Rf4 locus and DRRM-RF3-5/DRRM-RF3-10 for the Rf3 locus showed a maximum efficiency of 92 % for identification of restorers.     

有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408对农药雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响

[目的]研究有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408对农药雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响,寻找提高农药使用效率的途径.[方法]将10％吡虫啉乳油稀释3 000倍,分别加入有机硅表面活性剂Fairland2408和Tech-408以及农乳500#后,采用连续拍摄的方法,测试直径范围为340～360 μm单个雾滴在‘NC471,、‘云110,和‘T66'3种烟叶片上的蒸发时间和覆盖面积,重点研究Fairland2408和Tech-408对药液雾滴在烟草叶片上覆盖面积的影响规律.[结果]表面活性剂不同,雾滴覆盖面积的扩展程度也不同.当Tech-408、Fairland2408和农乳500#的添加比例为0.03％时,雾滴覆盖面积在上述3种烟叶片上扩展的平均倍数分别为8.1、6.4倍和1.2倍.表面活性剂添加比例不同,其对农药雾滴覆盖面积的影响程度也明显不同.随着Tech-408、Fairland2408和农乳500#的添加比例从0.03％增加到0.1％,雾滴在‘T66’烟叶片上覆盖面积分别增大了39.8％、156.1％和53.3％.[结论]有机硅表面活性剂Tech-408和Fairland2408和其添加比例均对吡虫啉在烟叶上的雾滴覆盖程度有明显影响.     

景宁木兰花粉生活力测定

以景宁木兰花粉为材料,分别用TTC染色法、离体萌发法和过氧化物酶测定法测定景宁木兰花粉活力,结果表明,TTC染色法和过氧化物酶测定法不能准确表示景宁木兰花粉的生活力;在离体萌发法测定景宁木兰花粉活力时,培养基中添加蔗糖、硼酸对景宁木兰花粉萌发影响较大,添加5％蔗糖和0.01％硼酸比较适合景宁木兰花粉萌发;景宁木兰花粉在室温下其生命力一般保持16 ～ 20d,4℃低温贮藏可使花粉生活力时间延长至26～30 d.