华北地区地膜残留及典型覆膜作物残膜系数

为阐明华北地区残膜污染现状及当年地膜残留系数,2008-2011年采用问卷调查及样方检测方法对华北地区主要作物的地膜残留状况进行系统调查,在此基础上2011-2014年通过定点试验监测方法研究典型覆膜作物(花生、棉花)的地膜残留系数。结果表明:华北地区土壤耕层地膜残留强度分布范围为0.2~82.2 kg/hm2,其平均值为26.8 kg/hm2。区域内不同作物和不同省份间地膜残留强度存在显著差异(P0.05),花生和棉花地膜残留强度较高,分别为32.0和31.8 kg/hm2;华北地区所有省份中,河北省农田地膜残留强度最高,为36.8 kg/hm2。2011年,华北地区农田地膜残留总量为14.8万t,其中地膜残留总量居前3位的作物是蔬菜(5.5万t)、棉花(3.9万t)、花生(3.0万t),占残膜总量的83.8%。3 a的地膜残留系数定点监测试验结果表明,花生和棉花的地膜残留系数分别为9.7%和14.3%,如果一直沿用目前的地膜使用模式,预计到2021年,花生地和棉田的地膜残留强度将会达到69.1和70.4 kg/hm2,超过国家农田残膜限值标准,成为残膜污染区域。研究可为华北地区残膜防治提供参考。     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascochyta rabiei</Emphasis> disease resistance in chickpea genotypes

Ascochyta blight (AB) disease, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei, is a major yield limiting factor of chickpea in Australia and around the world. The aggressiveness of six A. rabiei isolates was identified using 3 chickpea varieties (Jimbour, Flipper and Yorker). These AB isolates were isolated from chickpea fields in northern NSW, one of the major chickpea production regions in Australia. Each of the six isolates produced a different aggressiveness pattern and isolate 4859 was found to be the most aggressive. The AB resistance in 16 international and Australian chickpea genotypes was then investigated by inoculating the plants with the most aggressive isolate and a mixture of the other 5 isolates. Resistance to both the most aggressive isolate and the mixed isolates has been identified in 5 genotypes (ICCV 98813, Flipper, ICCV 05111, ICCV 98801, Jimbour #1) while 10 entries (Howzat, ICCV 06108 and ICCV 98818, Jimbour, ICCV 96852, ICCV 06107, ICCV 98816, Yorker, FLIP97-114C, ICCV 96853) were moderately resistant. Only one genotype (Bumper) appeared to be susceptible to both inoculums. There was large variation observed in the pathogenicity of the isolates suggesting that the six AB isolates represent several different pathogen strains. Significant differences in leaf infection rate, plant infection rate, plant death rate and disease development were identified among the chickpea genotypes tested. These findings suggest that these chickpea genotypes carry different resistant genes, which can be exploited in breeding programmes to develop high levels of disease resistance.     

吡虫啉在不同施药时间对玉米叶绿素含量的影响

对大田栽培作物玉米,在不同时间,用喷雾器喷施不同浓度杀虫剂吡虫啉,24h后测定玉米叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量.结果表明,上午喷施药剂促使玉米叶绿素含量增加最多,其次是中午,下午施药玉米叶绿素含量增加最小.     

Several field tests of Abate larvicides for Aedes control

Abstract

In preliminary field tests in woodlands swamps of southern Morava, ?SSR, it was found that Abate 500E at the rate 0.1 g/m² of water surfaces killed Aëdes vexans, A. cinereus and A. sticticus larvae 3 instar during 24 hours, but in other case at the rate 0.05 g/m² of water surfaces killed not the A. vexans pupae.

In southern Morava, CSSR a new larvicide, Abate^* was tested for Aëdes larvae and pupae control in the field. Abate (0,0,0¹,0¹ -tetramethyl 0,0¹ -thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate insecticide that has been highly effective when tested against many different species of mosquito larvae. It is of very low toxicity to man and presents a minimum hazard in control. A well timed application of Abate will control the mosquito larva before it can develop into a pupa. Barnes and Webb (1968) applied one briquette of 0.58 g or 0.78 g/10 cu. ft. water in woodland pools, against Aëdes canadensis (Thio.). A. cantator (Coq.). A. vexans (Mg.) and Culex restuans Theo. Early spring treatment controlled all species as they normally appear in chronological sequence until early fall. One treatment of 6 pools gave excellent larval control throughout the 176-day test period; 23 pools were retreated on day 57, but this may have been unnecessary. No deleterious effects were noted on aquatic organisms. The US Department of Health and Welfare (1968) reports that 1% granules of Abate (0.002–0.06 lb/ac) satisfactorily kills A. vexans larvae. Lewis et al. (1965) applied 43% ec. and 1% granules of Abate (0.075 to 0.2 lb/ac; or 0.084 to 0.22 kg/ha) to log ponds. Both formulations gave excellent initial and residual (up to 18 days) control at dosages used. The e.c. seemed to act for a longer period. It was used for Culex peus Speiser, C. pipiens L., C. tarsalis (Coq.) and Culiseta larvae control.

In southern Morava Abate 500E, a 50% (W/v) emulsifiable concentrate containing 500 g a.i./l was tested in the woodland swamps – mosquito breeding places – against A. vexans, A. cinereus Mg. and A. sticticus (Mg.) instar larvae or A. vexans pupae.

In the first experiment 10g Abate 500E were used on 100 m² of water surface, mixed with water at 1:100. The insecticide was applied on two sites and a third chosen as control. Larvae were counted from 250 ml samples from each site. Table 1 shows the average number of larvae from each site.     

Screening of cotton germplasm for resistance to Verticillium dahlia Kleb. under greenhouse and field conditions

Currently, the most effective and economically feasible means of controlling Verticillium wilt is to grow wilt-resistant cultivars. Nevertheless, resistant germplasm lines that are able to overcome this detrimental disease remain rare. Hence, we aimed to identify high-quality germplasm lines that exhibit high resistance, to address the dearth in optimum production. Our field and greenhouse studies showed significant variation among all tested germplasm lines with respect to wilt-assessment parameters. Highly resistant or resistant germplasm included 1421Bt-4133, O Siv2, Arcot-1, and GP93; Zhong 21371 and Yumian 2067 were moderately responsive; and Arcot402bne, Arcot438, Xinluzao-3, and Jimian11 were highly susceptible to wilt. Overall, germplasm line 1421Bt-4133 appeared to be an ideal material with strong resistance potential against V. dahliae. The germplasm lines O Siv2, Arcot-1, GP93, Zhong 21371, and Yumian 2067 showed variability in resistance potential in artificially or naturally-infested soil. This variability may be due to the genetic potential of the plants and to the adaptability of V. dahliae. We determined that the 1421Bt-4133 germplasm line was ideal, as it demonstrated resistance diversity against V. dahliae in all observed wilt-assessment parameters. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of viable germplasm lines for improving cotton production. The resistant germplasm lines uncovered in this study may provide new disease resistance sources in the breeding program.     

“一深两增”玉米高产模式下新品种产量潜力研究

为了给山西省春播中晚熟玉米区“一深两增”高产模式提供适用品种,选取大丰30、大丰26、强盛51、强盛101、福盛园52、并单390、潞玉36、先玉335、郑单958和北农110共10个品种为供试材料,研究了其产量构成因素及潜力.结果表明,强盛101及大丰26产量大于16 500 kg· hm-2,显著高于其他品种,且在采用“一深两增”高产模式下产量潜力分别达到19 148 kg.hm-2和17 691 kg.hm-2;强盛51、大丰30、福盛园52、先玉335和郑单958产量表现居中;并单390和潞玉36保苗率表现优异,均高于90％.除北农110外均可作为山西省中晚熟玉米区高水肥水浇地“一深两增”模式下的适用品种.     

2013年春季黑龙江省大豆市场分析及后市展望

受春季降水多、积雪厚、回暖晚的不利气象条件影响,2013年黑龙江省大豆播种延后1周以上。由于种植效益低,农民种豆积极性低,黑龙江省北部地区大豆面积继续保持下降趋势。在大豆市场方面,黑龙江省农民忙于春耕生产,加工企业多数停产,大豆市场购销停滞,大豆价格平稳回落。展望后市,进口大豆将供给充足,后期国内大豆价格震荡回落;国际大豆价格将呈现震荡走低格局。     

Fruit set after self-pollination at different floral stages and its relation to pollen-tube growth and stylar S-RNase content in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)

Summary

To investigate fruit set after self-pollination at different floral stages, and its relationship to the S-RNase content of the style in Japanese apricot, which exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), the cultivar ‘Xiyeqing’ was selfand cross-pollinated at –6, –4, –2, 0 and +2 d after anthesis (DAA). At –6 and –4 DAA, the percentage fruit set was low, suggesting that the propensity to seed set was weak during this period. At –2 DAA, the percentage fruit set, after self-pollination, reached a maximum of 5.97%. Thus, the effective time of self-pollination to obtain inbred seed was –2 DAA. Soluble protein extracts of styles at each floral stage were subjected to iso-electric focussing. The results showed that S-RNase began to be synthesized from –6 DAA, reached its maximum expression 2 – 3 d before anthesis, and was degraded slowly after anthesis. The number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base, as detected by fluorescence microscopy, varied at –2, 0, and +2 DAA. The number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base, and the percentage fruit set after self-pollination, exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.8615; P = 0.1), while the S-RNase content per style showed a negative relationship to fruit set percentage (r = –0.9640; P = 0.01), and to the number of pollen tubes arriving at the stylar base (r = –0.9380; P = 0.01) during this period. This implied that the S-RNase content in the style was mainly responsible for the low percentage fruit set and the low number of pollen-tubes arriving at the stylar base after self-pollination.     

不同材料包装袋对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏品质的影响

以马铃薯为原料,制作泡椒鲜切马铃薯片,分别用全透明的聚酰胺/流延聚丙烯(PA/CPP)、半透明的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/镀铝箔/聚乙烯(PET/镀铝箔/PE)和不透明的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/铝箔/聚乙烯(PET/铝箔/PE)耐高温蒸煮袋抽真空包装,于37℃、相对湿度75％、光照条件下储藏42 d,考察不同材料包装袋对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片色泽、质地、菌落总数及感官品质的影响,筛选适合泡椒鲜切马铃薯片的包装材料.结果表明:包装袋透光率对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏品质有显著影响,氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量较低的不透明耐高温PET/铝箔/PE袋能有效抑制泡椒鲜切马铃薯片的褐变,减缓L*值的降低,保持硬度、弹性和咀嚼性水平,抑制微生物的生长,泡椒鲜切马铃薯片储藏42 d后,其品质完好,口感佳,与其他两种包装袋相比,显著延长了产品货架期.     

甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY基因家族是一类含有WRKY保守结构域的转录因子大家族,是植物中最大的转录调控因子家族之一。目前已有多种植物WRKY家族的分析鉴定报告,但关于甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.)中WRKY家族的报告却很少。本研究利用生物信息学方法对甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛Ipomoea trifida(Kunth)G.Don的基因组数据进行了详细的分析,结果显示:在三浅裂野牵牛基因组中共鉴定得到82个WRKY转录因子,其中81个不均匀分布在基因组的15条染色体上,第5号染色体上分布最多(10个基因),第8和15号染色体上分布最少(2个基因);蛋白分子大小在116~710个氨基酸之间,等电点为4.85~10.33不等;按照保守结构域分类可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组,Ⅱ组包含Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱd和Ⅱe五个亚组,其中Ⅰ组有15个ItWRKY基因、Ⅱa组4个、Ⅱb组11个、Ⅱc组23个、Ⅱd组7个Ⅱe组10个、Ⅲ组12个;82个ItWRKY基因中有8个基因的核心结构域WRKYGQK发生了单个氨基酸变化(WRKYGKK)。ItWRKY基因以组织特异性的方式表达且在不同胁迫下基因的表达量存在差异,表明ItWRKY基因参与了三浅裂野牵牛对胁迫的响应。本研究为甘薯WRKY基因的功能鉴定提供了参考作用,进一步为甘薯的分子育种提供了帮助。